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ILLTJSTEATIOJ^S
ZYGMlDiE k BOMBYCIDiE
NORTH AMERICA,
/
RICHARD Hi STRETCH
■-7
///
VOL. I.
Part 1 to 9.
July 1812 to Dec. 1813.
INDEX.
A.
achaia, arctia 124
•' chelonia 124
ACOLOITHUS 183
acffea, leucarctia 99, 2^7
spilosorua 99
acria, arctia 99
bombyx 99
" estigmene 99
phalaena 99
adnata, lithosia 120
agassizii, halesidota 102
albata, clemensia 51
albida. leucartia 203
ALYPIA 5
americana, agalope 180
'• acoloithus 180
" arctia 95
" ctenucha 180
" eiiprepia .95, 239
" harrisina 180
" procris 180
ANATOLMIS 43
anchora. callimorpha 66
angulifera, hales^idota 102
anna, arctia 220
annulifascia, halesidota 140
ANTARCTIA 191
antica, tanada 188
antiphola, halesidota 137
ARACHNIS 83
ARCTIA 73
Arge, arctia , 225
" bombyx 225
" spilosoma 225
argentata, halesidota 135
arofillacea. lithosia 170
A contimied.
arizoniensis, arctia 217
aiila?a, arachnis 86
'• ecpantheria 86
autholea, arctia 74
•♦ chelonia 74
aurea, cydosia 159
" deiopeia 159
" oeta 159, 240
aurivitta, cydosia 163
B.
Behrii, arctia 75, 238
Behrensii, sthenopis 105, 240
bella, bombyx 54
" deiopeia 56
noctua 56
phalsena 56
tinea 56
" utetheisa 56, 236
bicolor, lithosia 170
bignttata, limacodes 201
biseriata, eudule 53
Blakei, arctia 224
Bolanderi, arctia 76
Brannani, alypia 8
brevipennis, eudryas 151
brunnea, ctenucha 30, 236
c.
caja, arctia 95
" chelonia ■ 95
'• euprepia 239
californiae, leptarctia 240
" nemeophila 240
CALLIMORPHA 61
californica, halesidota 102
IV
INDEX.
C continued.
californica, notodoiit.a 116,
" phryganidia
Candida, spilosoma
caprotina, bombyx
Carolina. caUimorplia
caryffi, lialesidota
'• lopbocampa
ca.sta, lithosia
cepbalica. lithosia
chloris. calloclilora
" nesera
" parasa
CISTHENE
CLEMENSIA
clio, seiarclia
clymene, callimorpha
" haploa
'• hypercompa
collaris, cycma
" hyphantria
" spilosoma
colona, callimorpha
comma, callimorpha
" hypercompa
compta. ceta
•' poeciloptera
confinis, hypercompa
conscita, tanada
contigua, hypercompa 62,
corvina, ctenucha
COSMOSOMA
CRAMBIDIA
Crotchii. psendalypia
CTENUCHA
cunea, cycma
" hyphantria
" spilosoma
Cunegunda, bombyx
SYDOSIA
D.
dahurica, arctia "8
" chelonia 78
decia, leptarctia 121
lithosia 1-1
dimidiata, leptarctia 123
240
91
20.")
172
140
140
171
171
20!)
201)
209
(;i
82
172
172
172
188
188
188
172
66
66
1.59
159
62
62
236
29
153
165
214
23
205
205
205
174
161
D continued.
dimidiata. lycomorpha 34
pyromorpha 34
dione. arctia 225
phala?iia 225
dipsaci, agarista 9
dipsaci, alypia 9
dispar, procris 180
DREPANA 109
E.
Eavesii. kodiosoma 69
ECPANTHERIA 173
Edwardsii, arctia . 77
halesidota 88
egle, bombyx 185
" enchffites 185
" spilosoma 185
clegans, ench£etes 189
EPICALLIA 70
epimenis, glaucopis 17
" noctua 17
" psychomorpha 17, 234
EUDRYAS 145
EULEUCOPH^EUS 143
EUPHANESSA 52
EUPREPIA 94
EUSTIXIS 16&
falsarius, acolithus 184
" procris 184
fasciola, limacodes 197
" lithacodes. 197
faiistinula, cisthene 48
" lithosia 48
fucosa. hyproprepia 46
fulva, kodiosoma 67
fulvicollis, ctenucha 21
" glaucopis 21
" scepsis 21
fulvicosta. hypercompa 62
furcilla, platycerura 230
G-.
GASTROPACHA 112
gelida, arctia 223
INDEX.
G continued.
gelida, eiiprepia 223
GNOPH^LA... 35
grata, bombyx 147
'• cyphocanipa 147
" eiulryas 147. 233
grisea, cisthene 4!)
Grotei, anatolmis 44
guttata, agarista . 70
alypia 70
" calliraorpha 70
" epicallia 70, 238
" pleretes 70
H.
HALESIDOTA 87
HARRISINA 178
Harrisii, halesidota 137
HEMILEUCA 107
Hopfferi, gnophoela 38, 23(5
HYPH ANTRIA 204
HYPOPREPIA 46
I.
imitella, cydosia 242
incarnata, epantberia 86
intermedia, arctia 216
interrupto-marginata, bombyx . . G6
'' callimorpha 66
" hypercompa 66
K.
KODIOSOMA 67
L.
Langtonii, alypia , 210
laticlavia, limacodes 197
latipennis, glaucopis 38
" spilosoma. 133
Latreillana, ctenucha 25
" glaucopis 25
Lecontei, callimorpha 62, 236
" hypercompa 62
lena, leptarctia 120, 240
" lithosia 120
LEPTARCTIA 118
L continued.
LEUCARCTIA 98
leucomelas, callimorpha 62
LIMACODES 200
LITHACODES 196
Lorquinii, agarista 12
" alypia 12
lunata, alypia 15, 234
LYCOMORPHA 40
M.
Maccullochii, alypia 211
mariposa, agai'ista 234
" alypia 234
mendica, eupbanessa 53
nudaria 53
Mildei, gastropacha ....... 113, 240
militaris, callimorpha 62
miniata, atolmis 46
" lithosia 46
montana, sthenopis 105
multifaria, apistosia ? 28
'• cteuucha 28
N.
nevadenis, arctia 238
" hemileuca 109
nexa, cistbene 49
" lithosia 49
nigra, kodiosoma 68
uobilitella, cydosia 162
'• tinea 162
NOTODONTA 115
o.
ochroscapus, ctenucha 29
(ETA 158
octomaculata, agarista 6
" alypia.... 6, 210, 233
" zygtena 6
oculatissima, arctia 175
" phal«na 174
omphale, segeria 153
" cosmosoma 153
" glaucopis ... . 153
ornatrix, bombyx 58
INDEX.
O continued.
ornatrix, deiopeia 58
•' noctua 58
" phalfena 58
•' utetheisa 58
P.
Fackardii, scepsis 21
" hypoprepia 155
pallida, crambidla 165
PARASA 208
partbenice, callimorpha 126
perlucidula, maltbaca 34
picla, arachriis 83
pbolus, glaucopis 42
' ' lycomorpba 42
" spbinx 42
PHRYGANIDIA 90
PLATYCERURA 229
porphyria, balesidota 140
phegoplera 140
PSEUDALYPIA 214
pseuderminea, arctia 99
PSYCHOMORPHA 17
punctata, antarctia 192
pnnctatissima, hyphantria 205
" phaUcna 205
PYROMORPHA 33
Q.
quadriguttalis, alypia 6
quenselii, arctia 222
" bombyx 222
quercus, pbegoptera 88
R.
rectillinea, limacodes 196
" lithacodes 196
Ridingsii, alypia H
rubroscapus, ctenncha 28
rufula, arctia 192
" nemeopbila 192
s.
Sacraraenti, agarista 10
" alypia 10
salicis, pbegoptera 102
S continued.
Sanborui, harrisina 184
scapba, limacodes 200
SCEPSIS 19
sciuriis, arctia 188
scribonia, arctia 174
" ecpantberia 174
scribonia, pbaliena 174
SEIARCTIA 81
semidiapbana, glaucopis 21
siculifer, drepana 110, 240
siniilis, alypia 14
sobrina, balesidota 135
speciosa, deiopeia 57
'• utetbeisa 57
SPILOSOMA 130
STHENOPIS 104
subfervens, eustixis 168
" mieza 168
•' niioza 168
subjecta, cisthene 155
superba, arctia 227
T.
tessellaris, arctia 137
" balesidota 137
" lopbocampa 137
texana, harrisina. 181
textor, arctia 206
'■ euproctis 206
" hyphantria 206
trauslucida, balesidota 88
tricolor, atolmis 46
" euleucophfeus 143
•' kodiosoma 68
u.
umbrata, cleniensia 167
undifera, limacodes 200
unifascia, cisthene 156
unio, eudryas 149, 233
" euthisanotia 149
UTETHEISA 55
V.
vagans, antarctia 192
" arctia 192
INDEX.
V contimied.
vagans, phragmatobia 192
venosa, ctenucha 31
" philoros 31
vernata, callochlora 209
vermiculata, callalucia 36
'• gtiuphfela 36
'• lamprosoma 36
" omoiala 36
vestalis, callimorpha 62
" spilosoma 133
Virginalis, arctia 70
" chelonia 70
" epicallia 70, 238
virglnica, arctia 131
" bombyx 131
" ctenucha 25
V continued.
virginica, sphinx? 25
" spilosoma 133
virgo, arctia 126
" bombyx 126
" euplagia 126
" phalajna 126
virguncula, arctia 218
" callimorpha 218
viridus, limacodes 209
vittata, gnophria 46
w.
Walsinghamii, ctenucha 213
Y.
Yarrowii, arctia 221
PREFACE.
The object of the present work is to furnish in a compact form, good
colored illustrations of all the species of ZygcenidcE and Bombycidce found
in North America, north of the Mexican boundary; with accompanying
letter press, in which it is intended to embody everything of interest in
relation to each species, which may have appeared in print, with such
additional information as I may be able to secure from original sources.
There is nothing at present which covers this ground. Many species
are unfigured, others have been figured only in black and white ; the
illustrations being at the same time scattered through many works. In
relation to the letter press, the latter remark is equally true. The
synopsis of the Lepedoptera of North America, by Morris, with appen-
dix, by Clemens, while a valuable vvork, is uiulIi bohinJ our present
knowledge of the groups ; and it is moreover unaccompanied by
plates, without which the determination of the species of some genera,
such as Arciia, is nearly impossible. It is hoped the present effort
will supply a want which I have myself seriously felt in studying these
groups, and which I doubt not, must have been equally patent to the
rapidly increasing number of entomologists in the United States.
Many species exist in cabinets only as unique specimens ; and a
large number are so rare that few possess them. The difficulty of
procuring these for the purpose of figuring them, will preclude the
possibility of commencing at the head of the list and figuring the
species seriatim, in natural sequence, so that the insect will be figured
as I can procure them, precedence being given to those that are new^
or but little known, an effort being made however to present all the
species of a genus in the same number, where it is possible to do so.
In the letter press it will be my endeavor to make the synonymy
and history of each species as complete as possible, using the original
descriptions where they are sufficiently accurate, and adding thereto
the characters of the larv^ and their transformations where known.
The work will probably extend to about thirty parts, which it is
intended to issue at intervals of about six weeks, in octavo size, uniform
with the "Transactions of the American Entomological Society," of
Philadelphia, each part to contain one plate colored, with the appro-
priate letter press, and no pains will be spared to make the plates very
superior. As the letter press will partake very much of the character
of a compilation, I desire to acknowledge the valuable labors of my
predecessors in this field, and to return my sincere thanks to those
who have promised me their assistance, and in the appropriate place it
will be my pleasure to credit each individual with his respective work.
RICHARD H. STRETCH.
San Francisco, June ist, 1872.
ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID^E
OF
NORTH AINIERICA.
Genus, ALYPIA, Hubner.
"Head small ; front long-, pilose, the scales surrounding the conical
projection of the clypeus, but not concealing its apex. Antennae long,
a little thickened in the middle with scattered lateral setae. Clypeus
square, the front margin very obtusely rotund-pointed. First and
second joint of the palpi stout, pilose ; third joint long slender ; the
whole palpus porrect, the third joint passing beyond the front of the
head.
" Thorax more than usually pilose, especially the pro-thorax and
patagia. Wings short and broad. The primaries are one-half as
broad as they are long, being broadly triangular. The nervules are
rather short, and arise at a greater angle with the main nervures than
in Eudrvas. Secondaries rounded, triangular, the outer margin full,
rounded at the apex, and also at the internal angle.
"The legs have the first pair of femora and tibiaj densely spreading
pilose, and stretched out in front of the body, as in some Notodontians.
The hind pair of legs are large and long, with stout tibiae armed with
two unequal pairs of spines, of which the terminal pair is the shorter.
" In coloration the species are black moths with large white and
yellow rounded patches upon both pairs of wings. * * *
Packard, Proc. Ess. Inst. April, 1864.
The following is a tabulation of the species found in the United
States and Canada, to which countries the genus appears to be confined.
a. Maculations all yellow.
* Posterior wings with 1 spot.
f Anterior wings with 2 spots. A. Sacramenli.
Anterior wings with 3 spots. A. Grotei.
* Posterior wings with 2 spots.
f Anterior wings with 2 spots. A. dipsaci.
b ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID.E
f Anterior wings with 3 spots.
Outer spot witii inner margin irregular. A. Ridingsii.
Outer spot broadly ovate. A. Similis.
Outer spot sub-linear. A. Lorquinii.
* Posterior wings with 3 or more spots.
f Anterior wings with 3 spots. A. lunata.
f Anterior wings with 4 spots. A, Mariposa,
b. Maculations of anterior wings yellow, posterior white.
* Posterior wings with i spot. A. Langtonii.
* Posterior wings with 2 spots.
f Anterior wings with 2 spots. A. Ociomacidata.
■j" Anterior wings with 3 spots. A. MaccuUochii.
c. Maculations all white. A. Brannani.
l.-ALYPIA OCTOMACULATA, (Pi. 1., fig. 7. ^ )
Zygce7ia octomacidata, Fab. (i793)-
Figured in Sm. Abb., PI. 44, Vol. i p. 87. (1797).
Alj'pia quadrigulialis, Hiibn., Ver. p. 351. (1816).
Alypia octomacidaia, Hiibn., Zutr. 22, fig. 119. (1818).
Alypia octomacidata, Harris, Sphing. 34. (1839).
Alypia octoriiaculata, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 132. (1862).
Agarisia octomaculata, Boisd., Am. Soc. Ent. Bel. Vol. 12, p. 68.
(1869).
(? . ? . — Head black, hairy ; sides of the front with a few long yel-
low hairs. Antennae slender, black, slightly thickened in the middle.
Palpi black, hairy, the basal joint covered with yellow hairs, and a
few shorter ones at the base of the terminal article. Prothorax hairy,
black, yellow beneath, at each side, and very slightly so in the centre
above. Patagia sulphur yellow. Abdomen above and below black,
with an indistinct white dorsal line. Legs black, with orange colored
scales on the tibiae of the middle and anterior pairs.
Wings deep velvety black, fringes concolorous. Anterior wings
with two large sulphur yellow spots, the basal one longitudinal and
more or less sub-quadrate. The apical one over the nervules, trans-
verse, varying in shape from ovate to pyriform. Posterior wings with
two white spots, the basal one large and sub-triangular, the apical one
much reduced, ovate and placed slightly beyond the middle. Beneath
as above.
Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 7
HahUai. — Northern Atlantic States, (Coll. generally.) California.
(Coll. Boisduval).
This well known species is abundant in the Northern Atlantic
States, and Boisduval states that he has received the pupaj from
California. The larva feeds on the grape ; the imago appears in the
latter part of I\Iay. The following notes on the larva and its habits are
extracted from " Harris's Entomological Correspondence," page 285.
Larva. — "Very young specimens not more than three-tenths of an
inch long, were destitute of the black transverse lines found in older
specimens ; they were whitish, tinged with dull orange red on the
middle of each segment, and with numerous, irregular, brownish,
transverse lines between. The dorsal series of tubercles, particularly
on the fourth, fifth, sixth and eleventh segments were very prominent,
acuminated and brownish black; the others were brown as were also
the feet. The head and top of the first and last rings were very
pale red, and the dots were obsolete or invisible on these parts.
The side of the eleventh segment was distinctly marked with a
white, irregularly shaped spot. The hairs on the tubercles were
distinct, but colorless. As the larva3 become older and larger, their
colors become more intense and with stronger contrasts. The pale
orange bands become deep orange ; the transverse brownish lines and
the tubercles become deep black ; the head, etc., become darker
colored, and the black dots upon it are visible to the naked eye.'"
Full grown larva. " The full grown larva have a decided blueish
tinge, entirely owing, however, to an optical phenomenon from the con ■
trast of the white with the transverse black lines. The head is of pale
dirty orange or rusty yellow with about eight black dots on each side ;
a semi-circular plate on top of the first segment and the anal valves
are pale orange dotted with black. There is a transverse series of
black dots on the second and third segments, without any orange
band. Each of the other segments is transversely banded with orange
and dotted with black, the dots being in two alternate rows, and all of
them emitting distinct, long whitish hairs. Between each of the bands
there are six slender, continuous, black, transverse lines. The points
are also connected by interrupted black lines. Legs at base, orange,
black externally and at tip, except the anal pair which are orange
dotted with black. The large, white, lateral spot is common to the
side of the tenth and eleventh segments. The other lateral white spots
are situated immediately behind the bands on the fourth, fifth, sixth,
seventh, eighth and ninth segments, the anterior spots being largest ;
8 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID/E
and thence they diminish to the ninth, while again the posterior spot
is very large, and very distinct. The orange bands are interrupted on
the top of the seventh, eighth and ninth segments."
Pupa. — The larva enters the ground to undergo its transformation,
constructing an earthy cocoon, no silk being used in its construction,
and only sometimes a little gummy secretion. The larva is full fed
about the middle of July.
2— ALYPIA BRANNANI, N. S. (Pi. l. fig. 8, ^ .)
3 . — Head, black, hairy; sides of the front with a few long yellow
hairs. Antennae, slender, black, slightly thickened in the middle.
Palpi, hairy, black, with a few long yellow hairs on the basal joint, and
a few shorter ones at the base of the terminal article. Prothorax, hairy,
black, with a few yellow hairs in the centre, and the sides and beneath
of the same color. Patagia, clear sulphur yellow. Abdomen, above
and below, black, with an indistinct whitish dorsal line. Anal tuft,
black. Legs, black, with orange colored scales on the tibiae of the
middle and anterior pairs.
Wings, deep black, with fringes of the same color. Anterior wings
with the costa swollen at the base, making the costa distinctly con-
cave beyond the middle, much more so than in A. octomaculata.
The markings consist of two white spots; the basal one being sub-
quadrate, the terminal one lying across the nervules, slightly reduced,
transverse and ovate. Posterior wings with two white spots, the basal
one moderate, rounded, divided by the black median vein ; the other
beyond the middle, reduced and sub-ovate. Beneath as above, except
that the spots are somewhat larger, the margins being clouded, and
less clearly defined than in A. octomaculata. This is especially the
case with the basal spot on the primaries.
Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. H. Edwards).
This insect was taken by S. Brannan, Jun., near Cisco, on the
Sierra Nevada Mountains, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet, in July,
on the flowers of various composite plants.
While strongly resembling A. octomaculata in the style of markings,
it is easily separated from that species not only by the difference of
color, but by the structure of the costa of the fore wings, which resem-
bles that of the males of A. Lorquiuii and A. Similis.
OF NORTH AMERICA.
3.-ALYPIA DIPSACI, (Pi. l, Fig. 1).
Alypia dipsaci, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. , Vol. i, p. 236. (Plate
6, fig. 36, ?.) (1868).
Agarista dipsaci, Boisd., Am. Soc. Ent. Belq. , Vol. 12, p. 68,
(1868-9).
" ? . — Resembles Alypia octomaculata. Black. Head, black; labial
palpi well extended beyond the front, black, roughly scaled; eyes very
narrowly margined with pale sulphur yellow scales before the antennal
insertions, and more prominently and continuously so beneath.
Patagia, pale sulphur yellow, fringed with black hairs. Abdomen,
entirely black, or blackish. Legs, black; anterior and middle tibise
clothed with orange colored scales; on the anterior tibige the scales are
thicker and more prominent, and do not extend over the lower
extremity of the joint ; on the middle tibice the orange scales are
shorter, forming a lateral tuft, and include a black dot near the lower
extremity of the joint ; the middle femora are faintly shaded with
orange inwardly. All the tarsi are marked with whitish, the basal
joints most distinctly. Antennae, long, gradually thickening toward
the tips, black, narrowly sub-annulate with white over their slender
basal portion.''
"Wings, black, with a faint reflection. Primaries, with two large
sulphur yellow spots ; the first towards the base, smaller, sub-triangu-
late ; the second over the nervules, larger, sub-pyriform, oblique.
Secondaries, with a reduced, basal, sulphur yellow spot, and an outer,
much larger sub-quadrate patch. Beneath, the markings of the
upper surface are exactly repeated, while the yellow of the spots is
paler. The fringes of both wings, on either surface, are entirely black
and silky."
Grote, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. i. p. 326.
Expanse 0/ wings, ? . 1. 10 inches. Length of body, ? . o. 55 inch.
Habiial. —Ca.\\{om\^. (Coll. H. Edwards and R. H. Stretch).
This species is readily distinguishable from A, octomaculata by its
smaller size, and the different color and proportion of the spots on the
secondaries. The specimen in my collection was taken by Mr. Lor-
quin, who furnished Boisduval with the specimens from which his
description and that of Grote, quoted above, were drawn. The exact
locality in which they were taken has not been preserved, though it
was probably in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas. Dr. Boisduval
states that Mr. Lorquin has raised the larvae on a species of Dipsacus
10 ZVGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
of which he does not know the Specific name, and that pupae forwarded
to him from Cahfornia by the same gentleman, were disclosed in Paris
in the following May.
4— ALYPIA SACRAMENTI, (Pi. i, fig. 2).
Alypia Sacramenti, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. i, p. 327.
(Plate 6, fig. 38, ?.) (1868).
Agdrisia Sdcramenti, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belq. , Vol. 12, p. 69.
(1868-9).
" ? . — Size, large. Black. Head, black; labial palpi well extended
beyond the point, black; inwardly touched with pale sulphur yel-
low scales. Antennae, long, black, thickened toward the apices.
Eyes, narrowly margined on the front, before the antennal insertion,
with pale sulphur yellow, and more prominently and continuously
so beneath. Legs, black, anterior and middle tibiae clothed with
orange colored hair. Thorax, black; the patagia and sides of the
prothorax are sulphur yellow, the former fringed with black hairs.
Abdomen, entirely black.
"Wings, ample black. Primaries, with two sub-equal sulphur
yellow spots ; the first towards the base, irregularly sub-quadrate, iti!
upper margin being angulated ; the second over the nervules, sub-
ovate, oblique. Secondaries, with a single reduced sulphur yellow
spot shading to whitish, situate beyond the discal cell. Underneath,
the spots are paler, more irregularly shaped and notably larger; this
latter character is especially to be perceived when the single spot of the
secondaries is considered; it is here whitish and much larger, being
externally produced, than its analogue on the upper surface."
Grote (loc. cit).
Expanse of wings, ?. 1.30 inches. Length of body , ?. 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. H. Edwards and R. H. Stretch).
The present species sustain a similar relation to A. dipsaci, with
that borne by A. Langtonii to A. Octomaculata. It is, however, larger
than any of the allied species. From A. Dipsaci, it differs prominently
by the single reduced spot of the secondaries; and from A. Grotei,
Boisd., (a species which I have not yet seen,) in having only two
instead of three spots on the primaries.
I am indebted, for this fine species, to my friend, Mr. Henry
Edwards, of San Francisco, who took three specimens in July, 1870,
in the neighborhood of Donner Lake, at an altitude of 6,000 feet
above the sea, on the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Boisduval says
OF NORTH AMERICA. 11
(loc. cit. ) that it is found in the neighborhood of Sacramento,
which being in a broad valley and nearly at the sea level, would
indicate a wide range. Mr. Edwards describes the flight as peculiar,
the insect after a flight of a few yards dropping suddenly among the
herbage, and when captured simulating death in the net. This latter
characteristic does not obtain with any of the other species found on
this coast.
5.-ALYPIA RIDINGSII, (Pi. i, fig. 3).
Alypia Ridingsii, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 3, p. 521.
(Plate 5, fig. 1, 3.) (1864).
"3. — Anterior wings, black, with a slight sub-cyaneous metallic
tinge; apex, produced, rounded; costa, swollen at the base. A large,
sub-triangular, verj' pale yellow spot on the median vein, beyond
which is a small, rounded, similarly colored spot on the disc. In the
terminal space, is a series of five paler, elongated spots, neatly sepa-
rated by the black veins. Posterior wings, black; a single moderate,
pale yellow, rounded discal spot, beyond which, in the terminal half
of the wing, is a large, somewhat ovate, pale yellow spot, divided infe-
riorly twice by the black veins. Fringes on all the wings, black, except
at the apices of the anterior wings, where they are marked with white;
under surface, resembling upper. Head, palpi; orbits of the eyes,
black; prothorax, whitish; tegulce, thorax, abdomen and legs, black,
with a blueish metallic tinge; middle tibiae with bright orange tufts on
their upper surface, not reaching the apex of the joint."
Grote (loc. cit. )
Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — ^Colorado Territory. Mr. Ridings. (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.)
California. (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, Stretch. )
Nevada. (Coll. Eaves).
Resembles A. Maccullochii, from Canada, and A. Lorquinii and A.
Similis, from California. Mr. Grote (loc. cit.) thus describes the dif-
ference between this species and A. Maccullochii: "The basal spot
on the anterior wings is more triangular, not elongated outwardly, nor
divided by a black line, the vein being covered with identically colored
scales; the terminal band is broader, composed of five, instead of six
spots; the 'whitish longitudinal one, of the under surface on the costal
area,' is wanting; the spots on the posterior wings are quite diff"erent,
there being but two spots in our species, the basal one small, rounded,
undivided and differently placed; the 'costal streak is also wanting.",
12 ZYGCENID.E AND BOMBYCID^
Judging from Kirby's figure, the costa of the anterior wings in our
species is more excavated; apex, more produced and rounded; the
tegulae are black, not white, as are also the orbits of the eyes. Mr.
Walker's description contradicts Kirby's in giving the middle tibiae
only orange tufts, a character I have given to the present species with
some hesitation, the legs in the single specimen I have being imper-
fect, while Kirby describes A. Maccullochii as having orange tufts on
anterior, and middle tibiae like A. Octomaculta. "
From A. Lorquinii and A. Similis it may be readily distinguished
by the black patagia, and the shape of the outer spot on the primaries.
In the two former species, this is ovate, or sub- linear, while in A. Rid-
ingsii the spot increases in width Irom the costa towards the inner
angle, where it is abruptly truncate; and its inner margin is irregularly
concave, owing to the varying length of the segments of which it is
composed.
Mr. Grote's description of the legs is correct, the middle pair only
being ornamented with orange scales. The female from which my
figure is drawn, differs in no wise from Mr. Grote's description and
figure, except in the larger size of the disca! dot on the anterior wings,
a peculiarity also common to the females of A. Lorquinii and A. Sim-
ilis, This species was named by Mr. Grote, after Mr. James Ridings,
whose labors, in Colorado and elsewhere, have greatly added to our
knowledge of North American Lepidoptera. The type was collected
in Colorado Territory by Mr. Ridings; and its subsequent occurrence
in the vicinity of San Francisco, California, and at Virginia City,
Nevada, is interesting, as indicative of the wide range of many species
west of the Rocky Mountains, not found to the eastward of that range.
A. Lorquinii, and Coloradia Pandora, Blake, are other instances, and
when the high Sierras of California have been thoroughly explored,
we shall probably find a yet greater similarity in their faunas.
6.-ALYPIA LORQUINII (PI. i, Fig. i.)
Alypia Lorqiimii, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. i., p. 328. (Plate
6, Fig. 39, 3.) (1868.)
Agarista Lorquinii, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belq. Vol. 12, p. 69.
(1868-9.)
" 5 . — Allied to the Canadian A. Maccullochii and to A. Ridingsii
from Colorado Territory. Black. Head, black ; eyes prominently
margined behind with sulphur yellow ; labial palpi roughly scaled,
black, prominently exceeding the front ; maxillae blackish ; antennas
OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
black, terminally enlarged, neatly and closely sub-annulate with white
along their basal portion. Thorax black ; tegulse sulphur yellow,
fringed with black hairs; abdomen, black, with two approximate, dor-
sal, sulphur yellow dots at the base; legs, mostly closely scaled, black-
ish; anterior and middle tibiae, fulvous; the middle femora are also
somewhat touched with fulvous inwardly.
" Wings, black, somewhat lustrous. Anterior wings, with the costa
swollen, and slightly convex, centrally owing to the enlargement of
interspace above sub-costal nervure. Veins, marked by lustrous scales.
At base, a large, sulphur yellow patch, obliquely margined outwardly,
and straightly inferiorly, neatly divided by the black median nervure
into dissimilar portions. A rounded spot on the disc, and a trans-
verse, sulphur yellow, narrow, elongate-oval spot beyond the disc,
neatly divided four times by the black nervules. Secondaries, with a
large, whitish spot at base, the black median nervure separating a
small portion inferiorly. Beyond the discal cell, an elongate, narrow,
whitish spot, much as on primaries (but reversed, tapering inferiorly),
and divided three times by the black nervules. Fringes on both wings,
black and lustrous. On both wings beneath, the ornamentation of
the upper wings is reproduced; the spots are very pale yellow; on the
secondaries the extra discal spot has lost its inferior dot, is broader and
prolonged above sub-costal nervure towards the base of the wing."
Grote (loc. cit.)
Expanse of wings, $, , i.oo inch. Lenglh of body, $ 0.47 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, and Stretch.) Colo-
rado Territory, (Coll. Edwards).
Mr. Grote says (loc. cit.): "Compared with three 6 specimens
of A. Maccullochii, agreeing with Kirby's figure, contained in the Brit-
ish Museum Collection, and so determined in the B. M. Lists, the
present species differs by the sub-terminal band, which is divided into
spots by the black nervules, being much narrower on either wing, and
coming to a point superiorly on the primaries. The discal spot of the
primaries is smaller in A. Maccullochii than in A. Lorquinii, and on
the under surface the basal patch is larger. On the upper surface of
the secondaries, the sub-terminal band is composed of five spots in
Kirby's species, while, in A. Lorquinii, where it tapers inferiorly, it
contains but four. On the under surface, the white basal patch in
Kirby's species is more extended, and the sub-terminal band receives
one or two accessory spots, inferiorly. Finally, the maculations of the
secondaries are white in A. Maccullochii, and pale yellow in A.
Lorquinii. "
14 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
The precise locality in which the specimens were taken, which Mr.
Lorquin forwarded to Dr. Boisduval, and from which the descriptions
of Boisduval and Grote were drawn up, has not been preserved. Boisd-
uval states that he received the chrysalis from Mr. Lorquin, and that
they were disclosed in Paris, but does not know the plant on which the
larvae fed. Mr. Henrv Edwards took one specimen in July, near Yo-
semite Valley, California, at an altitude of nearly 8,000 feet ; and I
have seen one specimen captured by T. Mead, Esq., in Colorado Ter-
ritory, on the Rocky Mountains. It seems probable that, as we
become better acquainted with this genus, the species will be found to
have a very wide geographical range.
7.-ALYPIA SIMILIS, (PI. 1, fig. 5, 5 .) N. s.
3 . — Black. Head black. Eyes, prominently margined behind
and beneath with pale sulphur yellow. Palpi, black, roughly scaled,
projecting prominently beyond the front. Antennae, long, black,
gradually thickened towards the tips, sub-annulate with white on the
basal portion. Thorax, black; two minute pale yellow spots on the
prothorax; patagia, pale sulphur yellow. Abdomen, black, with a
minute basal yellow dot above. Legs, black ; tibiae of middle and
anterior pairs, clothed with pale orange scales; tips of the joints of the
tarsi whitish.
Wings, velvety black, with faint metallic blue reflections. Anterior
wings, with the costa swollen, and convex centrally, owing to the
enlargement of the interspace above the sub-costal nervure, the cen-
tral portion of the enlargement being nearly destitute of scales and sub-
diaphanous. i\t base, a large triangular sulphur yellow patch, much
produced towards the inner angle, and faintly divided into two unequal
portions by the median nervure; a minute yellow discal spot; and an
outer transverse, sulphur yellow, broadly-ovate band, neatly divided
by the black nervules into six spots. The posterior wings have a
moderate, pale sulphur yellow, triangular, basal patch, unequally
divided by the black median vein; and an outer, transverse, sulphur
yellow band, broad on the costa and tapering to a point inferiorly,
neatly divided by the black nervules into five unequal spots. Costal
margin, yellowish from the base to the outer band. Beneath, as
above, except that the costal streak on the secondaries is more strongly
marked. Fringes on all the wings, long, black, and silky.
Four males correspond exactly with the above description, the only
female I possess (from which the figure is drawn,) differs merely in
OF NORTH AMERICA. 15
the larger size of the discal spot on the primaries, the absence of
enlargement on the costa, and in having seven spots to the outer band
on the primaries.
Expa7ise of wings, 5 1.20 inches, ? 1.30 inches. Le7igth of body,
5 . o. 50 inch, ? . o. 55 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Edwards, Behr and Stretch).
Resembles A. Maccullochii and A. Lorquinii. From the former it
differs in having all the maculations pale, sulphur yellow, those on
the secondaries of A. Maccullochii being white, according to Kirby.
From A. Lorquinii it may be readily distinguished by the larger size of
the terminal band on all the wings, which all have one more spot than
in A. Lorquinii, and by the larger proportion of yellow in the
coloration.
This species has a wide range in the coast counties of California,
north of San Francisco, appearing to prefer the mountain regions.
The enlargement of the costa in the males, which occurs also in A.
Lorquinii, finds its counterpart in the alliecf Australian genus Heca-
tesia, where this feature is yet more strongly marked. My friend, Mr.
Henry Edwards, whose enthusiastic labors have added so greatly to
our knowledge of California Entomology, first called my attention to
this similarity of structure, as also to the similarity of the clicking
noise made by the males of both these insects, when in pursuit of the
female ; a noise probably produced in some way by the drum-like
expansion of the costa. The imago occurs in May and June ; has a
very strong, rapid, irregular flight, and is exceedingly difficult to cap-
ture, as it is found chiefly on the mountain sides.
8.-ALYPIA LUNATA, (PI. l, fig. 6, 5 .) N. S.
?. — Brownish black. Head, black. Eyes, palpi and antennae,
black. Antennce, moderately long, very slightly thickened. Collar,
pale sulphur yellow. Thorax, patagia, and abdomen, entirely black.
Legs, entirely black, the tibiae of the middle pair alone being orna-
mented with orange colored scales.
Anterior wings, full, strongly rounded at the inner angle, with the
costa slightly concave, and much angulated at the base, making the
head perceptibly less prominent. A reduced, pale sulphur yellow,
triangular spot at the base. A moderate, quadrate, discal spot of the
same color, and an outer, transverse, pale sulphur yellow band, very
deeply emarginate internally, giving it the appearance of two pyriform
spots united by their smaller extremities. Posterior wings, with a
16 ZYGCENIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
slight indication of a discal dot, and an outer transverse row of three
pale yellow spots, the inner one large and sub-orbicular, the two outer,
small and faint, and more or less connected with powdery yellow
scales. Beneath, as above, except that the discal spot on the secon-
daries is more distinct. Fringes, long and black, except at the apices
of all the wings, where they are white. All the wings show a few
scattered yellow scales.
Expanse of wings, ? . 1.65 inches. Length of body, $ . 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Edwards, Behrens and Stretch).
Allied to A. mariposa, Grote, (Trans. Ent. Soc, Vol. i.) if it be
not a variety of the same species. It differs from Grote's species (loc.
cit. ) in the following particulars : In wanting the yellow orbits to the
eyes; in having the collar yellow instead of black; in having orange
colored tufts on the tibiae of the middle pair of legs; and in the union
of the two outer spots on the primaries into one lunate spot, with the
extremities of the crescent, club-shaped. Three specimens agree'with
the above description so* closely, that although the difference between
this species and A. Mariposa are slight, they appear to be constant.
The large elongate wings of this species, separate it widely from all
the other species of this genus, except A. Mariposa, and perhaps A.
Grotei, Boisd. The latter insect is yet unknown to me.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 17
Genus, PSYCHOMOKPHA, Harris.
"Body, slender, hairj' at the tip. Palpi, slender, nearly horizontal,
extending a little beyond the clypeus, covered with loose hairs so as
to conceal the joints. Tongue, moderate, spirally rolled. Antennse
in the male pectinated on both sides, the pectinations rather short,
simple in the female. Wings, short, somewhat triangular, with the
outer margins rounded; discal areolet of the hind wings short, closed
by a sinuous vein. Abdomen, not extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs, short, hairy; spurs of the hind tibiae, three, slender, nearly con-
cealed by the hairs."
Doubleday, in his letters to Dr. Harris, (Harris. Ent. Corn, 1869,
pp. 130, and 137,) expresses his belief that this genus ought to be
placed near Brephos among the noctuae, stating on the authority of
Abbot, that although the larva has the full compliment of legs, it
seems to be a semilooper in its walk. Dr. Harris seems to have been
of the same opinion. The neuration of the wings appears, to me, to
entitle it to the present position to which it has been assigned by Grote
and Robinson, in their catalogue of the North American species of
these groups.
1.-PSYCH0M0RPHA EPIMENIS, (PI, 1, fig. 10).
Noctua epimenis, Drury, App. HI. Exot. Ins. HI, 39, pi. 29, fig. 2.
Psychornorpha epimenis, Harris.
Glaucopis epimenis, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 136. (1862.)
Psychomorpha epimenis, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 297.
(1862).
Brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen, with all their appendages,
black. Anterior wings, rich brown, sprinkled with light, metallic blue
scales, which form a narrow band close to, and parallel with, the outer
margin, and marked with a large, ovate, transverse, whitish yellow
patch beyond the middle of the wing. The spot touches the costa, but
does not reach to the inner margin, and is notched on the inner side
above the median vein. Posterior wings, deep brown, with a large,
dark, orange red patch, occupying nearly the entire outer half of the
wing, scarcely touching the outer margin, and tapering rapidly to the
anal angle.
Beneath, as above; except that there are dark, metallic blue scales
on the costa of the posterior wings, and none on the anterior wings,
18 ZYGffiNIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
except a few along the costa. On the anterior wings, there is also a
small, triangular, pale yellow spot at the base, between the sub-costal
and median veins, and a smaller, transverse, quadrate spot of the same
color, which unites behind with the angular projection of the large
patch.
Expanse of wings, i .00 inch. Length of body, o. 40 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic and Southern States. The specimen figured was
taken at Waco, Texas.
" The larva, " according to Abbot, ' ' feeeds on Bignonia radicans,
and is pale, with black lines.'"
Doubleday. (Harris, Ent. Corn, p. 13c).
OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
Genus SCEPSIS Walker.
" The head is larger in proportion to the rest of the body than in
Ctenucha, since it is a little broader than the prothorax, while in
Ctenucha it is not as broad. The vertex is not so thickly scaled ; the
front edge of the clypeus is broader and straighter, thus making the
whole clypeus square; as long as broad, since the sides do not narrow
so much as usual towards the front edge. Upon removing the scales,
the occiput and epicranium are, together, equal in length to the cly-
peus. The occiput is transversely oblong, and divided by a mesial
impression into two halves, considerably shorter than broad. The epi-
cranium is subtrapezoidal, narrowing rapidly in front, and bilobed
anteriorly by a deep, mesial impression. The two ocelli are situated
not on either of the pieces, but just below the antennae, and at each
side of the suture, between the two above mentioned pieces. The
clypeus is a little longer than broad. At its base, it is obtusely angular
between the antennae ; its sides narrowing slightly towards the front
edge, which is nearly square. On the basal half of the piece, is a
narrow ridge. Mandibles, very slender, directed outwards, with long,
fine, dense bristles. Labrum, small, equilaterally triangular. Maxil-
lae, well developed, reaching, when unrolled, beyond the base of the
abdomen.
"Antennae, like those of Ctenucha, but with longer and more hairy
pectinations. In the females, the pectinations are shorter ; clavate,
ending in setae, which are more apparent than in Ctenucha. Palpi,
ascending, acute and slender, reaching beyond the front by a distance
equal to that between the bases of the antennae. Thorax, rather slen-
der, a little longer than broad. The scutal pieces of the pro-thorax
are united closely along the medial suture, each half not being so sep-
arate or so orbicular as in Ctenucha. The patagia are narrow, not
reaching to the end of the meso-scutellum. Owing to the thin scanty
squamation, the form of the tergal pieces of the thorax can be very dis-
tinctly seen; the meso-scutellum is hardly as long as broad, and is very
obtusely pointed behind. It is much narrower and longer than in
Ctenucha; so, also, the meta-scutellum, which is rounded behind, and
very slighdy produced into a slight obtuse angle.
" Primaries, three times as long as broad, being long and narrow.
Costa, straight to the outer third, where it is curved slowly around to
the somewhat produced apex. Outer margin, one-half as long as the
inner; very oblique.
" The costal nervure terminates at the outer third of the wing, and
runs very close throughout its length to the edge of the wing. First
•20 ZYGCENID.E AND BOMBYCID.'E
subcostal arises very near the upper discal ; second subcostal arises a
little beyond the middle of the tirst subcostal ; third subcostal is short,
and arises a little beyond the middle of the distance between the apex
of the wing and the origin of the upper discal nervule. The fourth
subcostal branches off very near the apex, and is very short, being but
one fourth as long as the fifth subcostal, which last arises at a less
angle from its nervure than in Ctenucha. The discal nervures are
much more curved inward than in Ctenucha. The median, beyond
where it throws off its fourth median, is bent upward exactly parallel
with the costa. Though longer, the nervules are thrown off much as
in Ctenucha, but the distance between the origins of the third and
fourth medians is proportionally greater than in Ctenucha.
"Secondaries not quite half as broad as they are long, being much
produced towards the apex, and behind reaching to the basal third
of the abdomen, Costa straight, convex near the base ; apex acute ;
outer edge nearly three times as long as the inner ; straight on the
outer half of its length, but becoming a little convex toward the
internal angle, which is well rounded, while the inner edge itself is
straight. The subcostal goes remarkably straight to the apex, where
its curves a little downward ; it throws off a single straight nervule
a little within the outer third of its length. The upper discal is a
third longer than the lower, which is the stouter of the two. The
three first medians are very short, one third as long as the whole
median, the third shortest. First curved, second and third straight,
fourth curved downward near its origin. The submedian is obsolete
at its basal third, the terminal pordon being more like a nervure than
a mere fold. It is close to' the internal and remote from the median.
Internal straight, cutting off a large triangular area comprising the
internal angle.
" Legs rather long, slender, thinly scaled, the spines minute and
weak. The hind legs differ from Ctenucha in being much more slender,
not at all swollen. There are the same proportions in the length of the
joints.
"Abdomen broad, and acutely pointed at the tip in both sexes,
with slight lateral tufts along the sides. The female tip is more obtuse
than in the male, thus approaching female Procris, with its truncated
tips, more than Ctenucha with its simple pointed tip. The genitals are
simple, and concealed within the eighth ring of the abdomen.* There
* In this place A. S. Packard, jun., suggests that the genital apparatus afford ex-
cellent generic and specific characters in this family and probably in many others.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 21
is apparent a tergal piece, and a sternal pair of short clavate appendages."
Packard. Notes on Fam. Zygoenidag, Proc. Ess. Inst., 1864.
This genus is readily separated from Ctenucha, '' by the curved palpi
which are considerably shorter ; the thicker clavate pectinations of the
antennae, the marked differences in the neuration, and the slender hind
femora. The clypeus is much wider, and the mesial ridge is not so
prominent or so long as in Ctenucha, the clypeus of which narrows
much more rapidly towards the front edge." (Packard, loc. cit.)
l.-SCEPIS FULVICOLLIS, (Plate l, fig. y).
Glaucopis fulvicollis, Hiibn.
Glaucopis semidiaphana, Harris, Cat. N. Am. Sphing. 38-4. (1839).
Scepsis fulvicollis, Walk., C. B. M. Lep.
Glaucopis semidiaphana^ Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 136. (1862).
Ctenucha fulvicollis, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 287. (1862).
Scepsis Packardii, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 4, p. 308. (1865).
5. ?. — Head and antennse, black. Palpi, black, with a few saf-
fron colored hairs at the base. Prothorax, above and below, saffron
colored. Thorax and patagia, blackish. Abdomen and legs, blueish
black.
Anterior wings, smoky black, with the costa very narrowly edged
with ochre, and the disc somewhat diaphanous. Posterior wings,
blueish black around the margins, the remainder, hyaline.
Expanse 0/ ivittgs, 1.30 to 1.50 inches. Length of lody, o. 50 to
0.55 inch.
Habiiai.—Czn^idTi West, (Coll. S. H. Scudder). California, (Coll.
Edwards, et als.). Illinois, Florida, [Doubleday in Harris' Ent. Corr.
p. 122]. Colorado Territory, (Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 4, p.
308). Texas, (Belfrage).
This insect has a wide geographical range, as will be seen by the
localities quoted above. It was formerly abundant on the site of San
Francisco, but is no longer to be found in that locality. At Alameda,
on the opposite shore of the bay of San Francisco (California), my
friend, H. Edwards, found it in moderate abundance in August,
frequenting the flowers of a species of Solidago. Doubleday, in a
letter to Dr. Harris, (loc. cit., ) states that he took it in September, in
Illinois, frequenting flowers belonging to the same genus; and what
is remarkable, that it used to come to his lamps at night in Florida,
22 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
and that he does not remember to have taken a single specimen in
that locality during the daytime. H. Edwards describes the flight as
very strong, and much resembling that of the Sphingidae.
S. Packardii, Grote, was in all probability described by Mr. Pack-
ard (notes on the Family Zygaenidae, p. 43, 1864) from specimens
which had been captured several years, and lost the freshness of their
coloration. On comparing specimens taken near San Francisco dur-
ing the past year with others received from the Atlantic States, I am
unable to detect the slightest difference, the blackish tint to the wings,
and blueish abdomen being present in both. I have others taken
some years back, which have acquired, some completely and others
in a greater or less degree, the light brown tint to the wings, and the
brown abdomen, spoken of by Mr. Packard as peculiar to the Cali-
fornian specimens; and if these differences were specific, by far the
larger number of the specimens I have received from the Eastern
States, would have to be referred to S. Packardii, Grote. After a
most careful examination, I am satisfied that there is no specific
difference, and therefore give S. Packardii, Grote, as a synonym for
the present species. The figure accompanying this description is
drawn from a California specimen.
OF NORTH AMERICA.
Genus, CTENUCHA, Kirby.
"In this genus the front of the head is as broad as the distance
from the insertion of the antenna to the front edge of the clypeus,
being full and convex. Ocelli, large. Eyes, full and globose, of the
usual size. When denuded the clypeus is seen to be short and scutel-
late, as long as broad, rising between the antennae into a low obtuse
point. In front it sweeps rapidly away from the eyes, rising from
them, while the front edge contracts rapidly, the sides being slightly
excavated just behind the square sub-truncate front edge, which seen
from below is somewhat arched. On the surface is a slight mesial
ridge extending and increasing in size to the base of the piece. The
two pieces behind, viz: occiput and epicranium, are together in length
equal to ihe clypeus, so that the antennae are situated very exactly
midway from the base to the front of the head. The "vertex" of the
head is clothed with much longer scales than the frontal ones which
project out between the antennas. The occiput is regularly transversely
oblong, being about four times as wide as long. The epicranium is
narrow, sub-triangular, truncate in front; and at its base encroaches a
little upon the occiput, than which it is one fourth longer. The tri-
angular labrum is short, broad and obtusely pointed. Mandibles,
slender, being nearly twice as long as broad, not very acute, with long
setae converging over the maxills which are well developed, and when
unrolled reach to the base of the abdomen. The palpi are long and
slender, of good size, porrect, somewhat flexuous in their course,
curving downward at their base, and then rising a little, in front of the
head, while their tips are a little depressed. First joint nearly as long
as the second, with long depressed scales beneath, but generally the
scales are fine. Second joint twice as long as broad, and with the
third, which is a little shorter and acute, reaches out in front of the
clypeus."
"Antennae, half as long as the primaries, with long, finely scaled,
pectinations, each of which bears a terminal setae. In the female the
pectinations equal in length that of the joints of the antennae."
"Thorax, and body generally, stout and finely scaled. Patagia,
large, free from the tergum beneath, reaching behind nearly to the
posterior edge of the meso-scutellum, while its posterior scales reach
to the base of the abdomen. The prothoracic scales are orbicular, large,
and are unitedly broader than the head. Meso-scutum short, broader
than long, scutellum large and pentangular, the longest side being the
posterior edge, which is a little convex, and scarcely angulated in the
24 ZYGCENIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
middle. Wings broad; the primaries a little less than half as broad as
long. Costa full, convex towards the apex, which is rounded acute.
Outer margin half as long as the costa, more than usually oblique.
Inner edge two-thirds as long as the costa. The costal area is very
narrow in this genus, since the subcostal runs very near the edge of the
wing, and its first, second and third nervules are very long and parallel
to the costal edge. Third subcostal simple, the fourth arises midway
between the apex of the wing and the origin of the second subcostal.
Fifth slightly removed towards the middle of the discal area, arising
directly opposite the first and second median nervules, the origins of
which are united, the second being straight, while the first and third
are arched, the last one named arising very near the two first. They
then enclose a very regular semioval area. Fourth median arises at a
distance from the third equal to the length of the two discal nervules,
which are straight, and unitedly are directed exactly at right angles to
the costa.
' ' The secondaries are broadly triangular, reaching nearly to the tips.
The costa is decidedly convex within its middle; the apex is produced,
but very much rounded, as in the internal angle, though the inner edge
is itself very straight, and is one-half as long as the costa. The lower
discal nervule is directed obliquely outward, and both are curvilinear.
The space between the first and third median is acutely triangular,
since the nervules are nearly straight.
"The legs are long and slender, the hind tibiae with two pairs of
small acute unequal spurs, of which the inner pair are the smaller.
Hind tarsi longer than the hind tibiae, and the first tarsal joint is a
little shorter than the three succeeding ones taken together. Abdomen,
twice the length of the thorax, provided with minute lateral tufts, slowly
tapering towards the tip, which is subacute, though not abruptly pointed."
Packard, Proc. Essex Inst., April, 1864.
The colors of the genus are bluish black or brown on the primaries,
which are usually concolorous, but occasionally have the veins of a dif-
ferent hue, and deep blue black on the secondaries, with more or less
Vermillion or yellow on the head, collar and epaulettes. The general
size of the insects is about two inches across the win^s.
OF NORTH AMERICA.
25
The following is a tabulation of the species found in the United
States. The genus also extends to Mexico, New Granada and Chili.
a. Forewings black.
* Abdomen unicolorous.
Costa black - - - .
Costa white . - _
* Abdomen bicolorous.
Terminal 5 segments red -
Terminal 2 segments red
b. Fore wings brown.
Patagia black - - - -
Patagia red - - - -
c. Fore wings veined.
Veins white . . - -
Veins yellow . . .
Of these species one (C. Virginica) is found only in the Atlantic
States; one (C. Cressonana) is from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado
Territory; one (C. Venosa) is found in Texas and Mexico, while the
other five are from California, from which it would appear that the
Pacific Coast may be considered the natural habitat of the genus. The
species from the latter locality differ slightly from those of the more
eastern States, the anterior wings among other things being somewhat
narrower, but the differences are of such a character as scarcely to
warrant their separation into another genus.
4.
C.
Ochroscapus.
3-
C.
Multifaria.
7-
C.
Robinsonii.
8.
C.
Harrisii.
I.
C.
Virginica.
5-
C.
Brunnea.
2.
C.
Cressonana.
6.
C.
Venosa.
1.-CTENUCHA VIRGINICA, (Plate 1, Fig. 15. ? • )
Sphinx? Virginica, Charpentier, Edit. Esp. Exot. Schm. Sphing.
Exot. Plate 2, fig. 3 3,4 ?• (1830.)
Cienucha Lalreillana, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. iv, p. 305, i. (428.)
(1837.)
Glaucopis Latrtillana, Harris, Cat. N. Am. Sphing. 39, 5. (1839.)
Cienucha Latreillana, Walker, C. B. M. Het. p. 282,
Glaucopis Lalreillana, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 136. (1862.)
Cienucha Lalreillana, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 285. (1862.)
5. — Front black. Vertex and sides of head, orange. Palpi, orange,
with the terminal article black. Antennae, black, with very deep pec-
tinations. Prothorax above, deep metallic blue. Prothorax below and
26 Zl'GCENIDiE AND BOMBYCID/E
base of the patagia, orange. Rest of patagia, black. Thorax and ab-
domen, deep cyaneous, blacker below. Legs, black, with metallic blue
reflections.
Anterior wings, smoky black or brown, with the fringes white, and
slightly interrupted on middle of the outer margin. Posterior wings,
deep blue black ; fringes white, interrupted with black near the apex.
Beneath, entirely deep sooty black.
$ . — Differs only in having antennae with very short pectinations.
Expanse of tvings : 1.90 inches. Length of body : 0.75 inch.
Habitat : Buffalo, N. Y., Canada, Eastern and Middle States (Grote.)
Maine (Sanborn and Packard.)
This insect is reported as having been taken by Mr. Grote in damp
woods near Buffalo, N. Y., and appears to be generally distributed over
the Northern Atlantic States. Dr. Packard says of it : "I have taken
the moth late in July, at Perry, Maine, and early in August at Bruns-
wick. It flies in the hot sun, hovering over flowers, and is not difficult
to capture, since its flight is not strong or rapid. In cloudy days it
clings to the stems of plants, and can be easily taken with the hand."
Larva. — The larvae, from which the following descriptions were
drawn up by A. S. Packard, Jun., "were found June 6th, on the spears
of grass, which grew in a sunny place upon a high neck of land running
out into Casco Bay, Maine."
" The head is large, being nearly as wide as the prothoracic ring.
The verdcal region is largely developed and is considerably narrower
above than in front. The epicranium is small, being nearly equila-
terally triangular, the clypeus is narrower than the epicranium is long,
and is raised, thickened, and its front edge distinctly convex. The
labrum is short, and divided into two remote broad and short lobes.
The mandibles are very broad, short, obtuse and thick. The labium
and maxillae can not very well be made out in my specimen, they are
fleshy and with no determinate form for comparison."
"The body is short and rather thick, the rings moderately convex,
and in consistence the skin is softer and more flexible than usual.
On each side of the body are six rows of tubercles, the tergal ones
much the largest. There are on each ring of the abdomen four large
warts, arrayed in a broad trapezoid, becoming linear in position on
the thoracic rings, and on the supra-anal plate. These tubercles give
rise to dense fascicles of evenly cut hairs, which radiate out on every
side so as nearly to conceal the body, and give it when viewed from
OF NORTH AMERICA. 27
above a regular broad elliptical form, with very even sides. The
eighth ring is not enlarged, but the body from that ring tapers pos-
teriorly rather rapidly to the tip, though not by any means so much so
as in Eudryas. The abdominal legs are short, thick and hairy, and
the thoracic legs are still more bristly. "
"The hairs on the upper part of the larvee are collected into a
mesial line of slight tufts. The head seen from above is concealed
by dense over-arching hairs. True and false [abdominal] legs covered
by lateral radiating hairs. The outline of the tergum is hardly tufted,
but rather scolloped, the scollop on the third and twelfth rings of the
body being most prominent, becoming short thick tufts. The hairs
when magnified are seen to have long thick-set spinules. "
" The specific characters are these : The body of the larva is purpl-
ish livid, covered with white and yellow hairs. Those hairs on the
first two thoracic, and last two abdominal rings are all white. The
head is a bright shiny red, black in front. There is a sub-dorsal and
lateral row of bright yellow elongated spots, one for each ring, which
are conspicuous through the hairs. Thoracic legs, black ; abdominal
legs, reddish, nearly concolorous with the head."
"A few specimens in the fourth [.?] stage, i. e. . that next to the last
moulding, differed thus : They are more oblong in outline. Those
hairs which in the full-fed larva were described as white, are here
black. The mesial line of scollops here become actual tufts and
black in color, of which the first and last are the longest. The hairs
over-arching the head and tip of the abdomen are whitish gray. The
colors of the body and the two rows of yellow spots are the same as in
the mature larva."
Dr. Packard further states that the cocoon is composed entirely of
the hairs from the body of the larva, which are held together by the
minute spinules with which they are beset. "No silk is spun through-
out the whole operation. I afterwards carefully examined portions of
the cocoon under the microscope, and could detect no threads of any
kind." From a larva which assumed the pupa state, June 17th, the
imago was evolved July 15th. "The female laid smooth green
spherical eggs in a patch, side by side upon the side of the vessel,
which hatched out July 28th. The young larvae were about twice the
size of those of Orgyia when of the same age. They had large heads,
and the body gradually decreased in size towards the opposite extrem-
ity. The hairs were sparse, long and rather uneven, much resembling
young Orgyise. It will be seen that the larva lives twelve days in the
28 ZYGCENIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
egg, about ten months as a larva, since there is but a single brood in
the year, and they must hybernate when two thirds grown. It spends
about twenty days in the pupa state, and but a few days as a moth."
2.-CTENTICHA CRESSONANA, (Plate 1, fig. U, 5 .)
Ctenucha Cressonana, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 2, p. 64.
[Plate 8, fig. 5, ?.] [1863].
"Anterior wings, blackish-brown with the median vein, its two
middle branches and the sub-median nervule, striped with white.
Costal margin, yellowish white. Exterior margin, fringed with white.
Base of the wings tinged with metallic blue. Posterior wings, black-
ish blue, fringed with white. Collar and thorax, metallic blue; tegulae,
bordered with white. Head, orange, metallic blue betw-een the eyes.
Palpi, yellowish, terminal joint, black. Abdomen, metallic blue
above, blackish beneath. Legs and antennae, black."
Grote [loc. cit.]
Expanse of tvings. 1.90 inches. Lerigih of body, 0.75 inch.
Habitat. — Colorado Territory. [Coll. Ent. Soc, Phil., and Stretch.]
For my specimen of this fine species I am indebted to my friend,
Mr. T. L. Mead. It was named by Mr. Grote after Mr. E. T. Cresson,
of Philadelphia. In relation to the affinities of this species, Mr. Grote
says: [loc. cit.] " This species is intermediate between C. Latreillana,
Kirby, [C. Virginica, Charp.] and C. Venosa, Walker, and very distinct
from either. In size it approaches the former, and in the shape of
the wings and markings of the anterior pair, the latter species. In C.
Venosa, the stripes on the anterior wings are, however, yellow, and
there is a third on the sub-costo inferior nervule, which is wanting in
C. Cressonana." There are other slight difi'erences in the coloration
of the palpi and fringes, but the markings of the anterior wings sepa-
rate it readily from its congeners.
3.-CTENUCHA MULTIFARIA, (Plate l. fig. 11.)
Apistosia .<=> multifaria, Walk., C. B. M. Lep. Het., Pt. 2. [1854].
Glaucopis riibroscapus, Menetries, En. Cor. Am. Mus. Pet, p. 142,
Plate 14, fig. 7- [1855]-
Apistosia ? jnul/ifaria, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 302. [1862.]
Ctenucha rubroscapus, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. p. 33L [1868-9] .
Ctenucha 7-ubroscapus, Boisd., Am. Soc. Ent. Bel., p. 71. [1868-9].
" (3 . Head, crimson on the vertex, occiput, and between the eyes;
front, black. Labial palpi, entirely crimson, except the short terminal
OF NORTH AMERICA. 29
article, which is black. Antennae, long, black, closely bipectinate.
Prothorax, above, black, behind the head, crimson. Tegulae, largely
crimson, at the sides, outwardly, these are narrowly and evenly
bordered with black, and fringed with longer hair-like scales. Abdo-
men, brilliant cyaneous, changing to greenish, anal hairs black. Legs,
black ; anterior coxaj, whitish ; middle femora, spotted with white
above the tibial joint. Anterior wings, brownish-black above, much as
in C. Virginica; the costal edge is entirely and markedly white from base
to apices, the latter fringed with white, as in C. Ochroscapus. Fringes,
black, except before internal angle, where they are prominently white.
Secondaries, blueish-black, much as in C. Virginica; the fringes are
white at apices and before anal angle, elsewhere black. Under sur-
face, resembling upper. Grote [loc. cit.]
Expanse of ivings, 1.90 inches. Length of body, 0.60 inch.
Habitat. — California. [Coll. Mus., Berol. , Stretch, etals. ]
This species differs in coloration from C. Ochroscapus, in having
the head and patagia crimson instead oi yelloiv, and the costa of the
anterior wings prominently white. It is abundant round the Bay of
San Francisco, frequenting low marshy places, and in this particular
appears to differ widely from C. Ochroscapus, which is a true moun-
tain insect. C. Multifaria flies in June and July; is exceedingly slug-
gish in its habits, and is frequently found clinging to the stems of
grasses and carices, from which it may be easily shaken into the col-
lecting net. When worn and faded, the vermillion of the head and
epaulettes assumes an orange tint, but never the deep yellow so
characteristic of C. Ochroscapus.
4.-CTENUCHA OCHROSCAPUS, (Plate 1, fig. 13.)
Ctenucha Ochroscapus, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. , Vol. i, p. 330.
[1868).
Ctenucha Corvina, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel., Vol. 12, p. 71.
[1868I.
5. ?. — SizeofC. Virginica. Head, entirely orange yellow. Labial
palpi, shorter than in C. Virginica, and held porrectedly against the
front; the short terminal article is black, while the basal joints are
entirely orange yellow. Antennae, long, black, closely bipectinate;
in the ^ the pectinations are larger than in the $ , but shorter than in
C. Virginica ? . Collar, dark cyaneous, bordered anteriorly and
laterally with powdery orange yellow scales, which also obtain obso-
30 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
lately centrally. Sides of the prothorax, orange yellow. Tegulae,
largely orange yellow, narrowly and evenly black on the sides out-
wardly. Thoracic disc, dark cyaneous. Abdomen, above, bright
cyaneous; beneath, black. Legs, black; in the 6, inwardly shaded
with obscure whitish, Anterior wings, dull black, with a faint C3'an-
eons shade at base, immaculate. Fringes, black, except at apices,
where they are prominently white, and are again faintly whitish before
anal angle. Secondaries, black, shaded with cyaneous centrally and
over internal margin; fringes, black, except at the apices, where they
are white. Under surface, resembles upper, but more brownish."
Grote [loc. cit.]
Expanse of wings, 1.80 inches. Length of hodv, 0.60 inch.
Habilal. — California. [Coll. Mus. Berol.; H. Edwards; Stretch.]
Grote says of this species : " C. Ochroscapus and C. Multifaria differ
from C. Virginica, and C. Cressonana in that, the head is slightly
narrower behind, while the labial palpi are somewhat shorter and por-
rected. These differences do not seem to authorize their generic
separation, since in the totality of their remaining characters they
agree with the typical species of the genus, wnich they resemble in
form, size, and in the style of ornamentation." [Grote. loc. cit.]
I have seen but three specimens of this species, and these were
taken by my friend, Henry Edwards, Esq., at an altitude of about
4,500 feet, on the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in the neighborhood of
the Yosemite Valley, in July, 1S71. It was found in company with
G. Hopfferi, frequenting streams and water courses, and did not
appear to be rare, but exceedingly wild and rapid in its flight, and
difficult to capture. It alighted frequently on the flowers, but was
easily disturbed. These habits are very different to those of its nearest
ally, C. Multifaria, and serve to add additional value to the specific
characters as here given. These differences of flight, are often of
great use in helping us to draw the line of specific differences, and
should be more frequently observed than appears to have been the case
heretofore.
6.-CTENUCHA BRUNNEA N. s.
(3 . $ . — Front, black. Palpi, except the terminal joint which is
black, occiput, hind margin of the eyes, and internal margin of the
patagia, bright scarlet. Thorax and abdomen, bright metallic blue.
Legs, blackish, with the tips of the tibia? whitish. Antennae, long, and
deeply pectinated in the male.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 31
Anterior wings, clear pale brown, with the veins and all the mar-
gins of the wings blackish, and a few steel blue scales at the base.
Extreme costa and fringes, white, interrupted with dusky about the
middle of the outer margin. Posterior wings, velvety black, with
metallic blue reflection^; fringes, white, interrupted near the anal and
apical angles with blackish. Beneath, as above, except that the
anterior wings have a deeper tint, and the posterior wings are browner
than above.
Expanse of ivings, 1.90 inches. Length of body, 0.60 inch.
Habitat. — -California. [Coll. Behr, H. Edwards and Stretch.]
This fine species was taken by Dr. Behr, of San Francisco, in Marin
County, California, on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais, and I am
indebted to him for the specimen in my collection. While more
allied to C. Multifaria and C. Ochroscapus, than the other members of
the genus, it is abundantly distinct from either. It was taken in swampy
localities, sitting on the stems of carices, and shows but very little ten-
dency to vary in its coloration, as the inspection of some ten specimens
proves. This insect is also found on San Miguel Island, off the
coast of California, my friend, W. Harford, having taken a number of
specimens in that locality.
6.-CTENUCHA VENDS A, (Plate 1, fig. 12, ^ .)
Philoros vetiosa. Walk., C. B. M. Lep. Het., 1854.
Cfenucha venosa, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. A., p. 286. [1862.]
3. — Antennae, black. Front, metallic greenish blue. Vertex,
Vermillion red. Eyes, black. Palpi, black, with a few red and orange
scales on the basal joint beneath. Patagia, blackish, narrowly bor-
dered in front and on the inner margin with yellow. Legs, black,
with greenish reflections on the femorae. Thorax, blackish above;
beneath, with greenish reflections. Abdomen, sericeous green above,
blacker beneath.
Anterior wings, brownish black, with a greenish bloom, with three
longitudinal yellow stripes, the first, abbreviated, on the sub-costo
inferior nervule; the second on the median nerve, forking* on its two
middle branches; the third on the internal vein; the two latter both
originate at the base of the wing, but none of the stripes reach the
outer margin. Costa, narrowly edged with yellow on the basal two-
thirds, with white on the apical third. Fringes, white, interrupted
32 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
with black on the middle of the outer margin. Posterior wings, black,
with greenish reflections at the base. Fringes, white, interrupted on
the outer margin with black.
Beneath, slaty black, with a greenish bloom, and green reflections
at the base of the posterior wings.
Expanse of wings, 1.55 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch.
Habitat, — Texas. [Coll. Capt. Pope, Smith. Inst.] Mexico. [Coll.
Behr, Edwards, Stretch, etc.]
OF NORTH AMERICA. 33
ZYGJENIN51.
Genus PYROMORPHA, H. S.
"Head moderate, free, vertex rather elongated, smooth; ocelli
large. Face moderately broad, rounded, slightly protuberant. Eyes
rather small, scarcely prominent. Antennae with bases almost united,
rather thick, but tapering at the tips, pectinated. Palpi extremely
short. Tongue about half as long as the thorax beneath.
"Fore wings rather broad, ovate; the discal cell broad, behind
fusiform. The subcostal vein sends two short, nearly erect, marginal
nervules to the costa; and from the superior angle of the disc, arise
two long nervules, on a short, common stalk, the lower one of which
is the apical, but delivered rather above the tips. The discal vein is
rather faint, and gives rise to two disco-central nervules, the upper one
rather on the costal side of the wing. Median vein, four-branched;
the posterior nervule arising a little behind the first marginal branch.
The fold is thickened, and the sub-median shortly forked at the base.
Hind wings ovate, as broad as the fore wings, and in length equal to
that of the body, without costal vein. Sub-costal is furcate, the lower
branch giving rise, at an obtuse angle, to a thickened discal vein, which
is angulated above the medio-superior nervule, where it receives the
discal fold, and above this is given off a single disco-central nervule.
Median vein four-branched, with branches equi-distant, except the two
superior ones.
" Body slender, cylindrical. Patagia minute, rolled. Abdomen
not tufted at the tips or on the sides, about one-half the length of the
body beneath. Legs slender; fore tibiae, with a short, concealed spur
on its middle; hind tibi^, with two extremely minute apical spurs.
C/em. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am.
34 zyGJEmDM and bombycidjE
l.-PYROMORPHA DIMIDIATA. (PI. 2, fig. 14.)
Pyromorpha dimidiata, H. S. , Lep. Ex. Sp. Nov. Ser. I, fig. 222.
Mallhaca perlucidula, Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 54 1 . ( 1 860.)
Malthaca perlucidula, Morris, Syn, Lep. N. Am., p. 134. (1862.)
Malihaca perlucidula, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 28S. ( 1862. )
Lycomorpha dimidiata, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 288. ( 1 862. )
3 . ? . — Entire insect smoky black, except the basal half of the pri-
maries above the fold, and the costa of the secondaries from the base to
the middle, which are luteous. Wings somewhat diaphanous.
Expanse of wings, 0.95 inch. Length of body, 0.32 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic and Western States. "Illinois, Mr. Kennicott,
Maryland, Dr. Morris." Morris.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 35
ZYGJENIDJE.
ZYG^ffiNINJl.
Genus GNOPHSILA. walker.
" Head moderate, rather small, as are the eyes, which are not very
full; clypeus globose, swollen, projecting in front; two occelli, before
and between which the epicranium is roundedly elevated, rising to a
ridge behind; maxillae moderately developed, when unrolled, not so
long as the thorax. Palpi slender, extending beyond the head, held
nearly horizontally and on a plane with the
body, third article somewhat depressed, not
pointed. Antennas of the male somewhat
shorter than those of the female, finely bipec-
tinate, the pectinations tapering just before
the tip, and are more separated and fewer,
compared with the male antennas in Ctenu-
cha. In the female the pectinations are shorter and stouter, bearing
terminal setae. Legs unarmed and finely scaled. Abdomen some-
what exceeding posterior wings. Quite similar in external conforma-
tion in both sexes.
"Anterior wings more than twice as long as broad; costal margin
straight, slightly depressed before costal angle; external margin round-
ed, not very oblique; internal margin straight. Discal space open;
sub-costal nervure arcuated before the apex, crowding the nervules to-
gether; first and second sub-costal nervules approximate at base ; third
being short, throwing off a branchlet just before the margin; second
thrown off before the fifth, on the opposite side of the vein, while in
Clenucha it arises much beyond; apical interspace widening towards
costa; fifth sub-costal nervule thrown off directly from the nervure, not
removed as in Clenucha, towards the middle of the discal area. First
and second median nervules united at base; second greatly nearer the
first than the third, which latter is bent downwards; fourth much re-
moved from third. Sub-median nervure perfectly straight, and parallel
with internal margin.
" Posterior wings nine veined; discal space partially closed, the vein
becomins: towards the centre a mere thickening of the membrane.
36 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
The costal nervure is perfectly straight, sending off, immediately at
base, the upper discal nervure, which is slighter, nearly straight, and
throws off a nervule near external margin. Lower discal nervule
(median) nearly straight; the third median nervule springing from
the second, its origin further removed towards the external margin than
that of the first. Sub-median nervure curvilinear, much removed
from median ; internal nervure arising from the base of the wing,
straight, short.
"The ornamentation is black, with sub-cyaneous abdominal and
alar shades ; the veins are black, regularly defining large white *
patches on both wings. The insect (G. Vermiculata) mimics the but-
terfly Stalachtis heliconoides, H. S. The thoracic and capital tegument,
when denuded of scales, is pitch black, shining, as are the veins.
Where the wing scales are black, the membrane beneath is of a pale,
blackish hue; where they are white it is pale yellowish. The pro-
thorax beneath, and the anterior femora above, are covered with
orange-yellow hairs, as in allied genera, but these do not spread on
the occiput above.
"Allied to Qenucha, Kirby, than which I consider it of higher value.
In that genus, the 6 antennal pectinations are more numerous and
the stock longer. The palpi in Callalucia ( Gnophala, Walker, ) are
shorter, not so flexuous, and third article is differently shaped, though
somewhat similarly held. The nervulation differs much from Ctenu-
cha, since the third subcostal nervule is furcate; discal space open. In
Ctenucha, the posterior wings are seven-veined, first, second and third
nervules of the lower discal vein springing from one point, and the
costal and internal nervules are wanting. "
Grok, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 4, p. 315. (1865.)
The above diagnosis is drawn from G. vermiculata, and appeared
under the name of Callalucia, Grote, which equals Gnophccla, Walker.
l.-GNOPHJELA VERMICULATA. (PI. 2, fig. l.)
Omoiala vermiculata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, p.334. ( 1 863.)
Laynprosoma vermiculata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, pi. 6.
fig. I, 6. (1863.)
Callalucia vermiculata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 4, p. 3 1 6. (1865)
Gnophccla vermiculata, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i , p. 33 2. ( 1 868)
* White must be unintentional; both species are yellow. — R. H. S.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 37
$ . $ . — Black and yellowish white. Palpi black. Head black,
with scattered, whitish scales on the front, vertex, and behind the eyes.
Prothorax and patagia black, with scattered whitish hairs. Prothorax
beneath, clothed with orange hairs, which color also extends between
the anterior pair of legs. Thorax and abdomen black, with deep,
blueish reflections, the latter ornamented with a very narrow, white,
stigmatal line. Legs black, with a few whitish scales about the tips of
the joints, tibial spurs of the posterior pair white.
Wings black, with large, semi-diaphanous, yellowish white spots.
Anterior pair, with a large discal spot divided into three parts by the
black median vein and its fourth branch. Of these, the upper lies in
the discal area, terminating somewhat obliquely at the origin of the
first median nervule, and reaching rather more than halfway to the
base of the wing. The lower lies beneath the median vein, and is
bounded by the fold in the interspace; it extends nearly to the base of
the wing, and terminates on the fourth median nervule, midway be-
tween its origin and the outer margin of the wing. The middle spot
lies between the median vein and its fourth nervule, and is sharply an-
gulated outwardly. There is in addition, a broad, oblique, cur\'ed
transverse band across the nervules, neatly divided by the black nerv-
ules into four unequally oblong spots. Fringes black, very slightly
white at the apices.
Secondaries with a large discal patch lying between the sub-costal
vein and the sub-median fold, and terminating outwardly, about half
way between the origin of the nervules and the outer margin of the
wing. Veins and nervules black. Fringes black, whitish at the apex
and anal angle.
Expmtse of wings, 1.75 inches. Length of body, 0.70 inch.
Habitat. — Colorado Territory. (Ridings and Mead.)
Of the habits of this well marked species, I can learn but little,
except that, like its cogener, G. Hopfferi, it is abundant, though local.
The specimen from which the figure was drawn, was one of sixteen
which my friend, T. L. Mead, had in his net at the same time. These
were taken on one spot in a few minutes, and during the balance of a
season's collecting, he met but one other specimen. The original type
was collected by Mr. James Ridings. It has not occurred, so far as I
know, outside of the locality named.
38 ZYGiENIDiE AND BOMBYCIDyE
2.-GN0PH^LA HOPFFERI. (Pi. 2, fig. 2.)
? Glaucopis lahpenm's, Boisd., Lep. Cal, p. 27. (1852.)
Gnophccla Hopfferi, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i, p. 332.
(1868.)
" (5 . $ . — Size large. Head black. Labial palpi black, except at
base, where they are powdered with orange-yellow scales. Sides of the
pro-thorax orange yellow, which color extends between the anterior
legs at base. Legs black, slighdy touched with white ; the minute
spurs on middle and hind tibise are white. Thoracic region, above
and beneath, black. Abdomen cyanous black; a white, lateral, stig-
matal line, as in G. vermiculata. Wings large and full. Primaries
trigonate, brownish black, with three dull, lemon-yellow spots at the
middle, divided by the median nervure and its fourth nervule; between
this latter at base, and the continuation of the nervure, the outer and
smallest is placed. The upper spot, at the outer extremity of the discal
cell, is restricted as in G. sequinoctialis. Over the nervules, terminally,
is an oblique series of four interspaceal, unequal, ovate, yellow spots,
of which the second and largest is placed opposite the discal cell; these
spots are further apart than in G. ^quinoctialis or G. vermiculata.
Secondaries resembling primaries in coloration and ornamentation,
but with a very faint bluish reflection. A large central, yellow patch,
analagous to the spots at the middle of primaries, is divided by the
median nervure into two unequal spots, while the third, at the base of
the fourth median nervule, is obsolete. Two ovate yellow spots are
situated opposite the disc, and are separated by the black, first median
nervule. Under surface of both wings resembling upper. The fringes
on either pair are black, faintly touched with white at the apices of pri-
maries and costal angles of secondaries." (Grote, loc. cit. )
Expanse of ivings, 5 , 2.10; ? 2.30 inches. Length of body, $ , 0.75;
$ , 0.80 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Edwards, Behrens, Behr, etc.) (Coll.
Mus. Berol., and Dr. Felder, Vienna, auth. Grote. )
This fine species was named by Mr. Grote after Mr. C. Hopffer,
the well-known Lepidopterist of Berlin. It was readily distinguished
from G. vermiculata, by its superior size, the deeper tint, of the yellow
markings and the larger proportion of black in the coloration ; the ex-
ternal marsfin of the secondaries is also more angulated than in the lat-
OF NORTH AMERICA. 39
ter species. Glaucopis latipennis, Boisd., (Am. See. Ent. Belg., vol. 12,
p. 27, 1868-9), ^'"''^ Morris (Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 136), is probably
the present species, but the description is too vague to make the deter-
mination absolute without inspection of the types. The insect is found
in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas, and, though apparently local,
is not uncommon where it occurs.
Since the above was in type I have seen a series of fine specimens of
this insect in the collection of Lord Walsingham, taken by him in
Oregon during his recent visit to this coast. They differ in no wise
from those found in California.
40 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^E
ZYGEmDE.
ZYGM^IDE.
Genus LYCOMOKPHA, Harris.
" The front of the head is provided with long scales extending to the
base of the maxilte. When the head is denuded, the clypeus is broadly
scutellate, the length being equal to the breadth, with the basal margin
produced backwards, and encroaching more on the epicranium than
usual. The front edge contracts suddenly into a square portion resting
above the mandibles and maxillae. The epicranium is small and short,
deeply impressed by a mesial line and divided thereby into two trian-
gular halves ; while the occiput is transversly oblong, being twice as
broad as long.
" The antennae have short setiferous densely scaled pectinations ; in
the female they are serrated, the teeth terminating in single seta?.
Mandibles rather long and slender, projecting out beyond the scales
of the front.
" The body of this genus is long and narrow, slender. The thorax
is narrow, and the pleurae of each thoracic segment are very oblique.
Pro-thoracic scales (being the two halves of the pro-scutum) ovate
elliptical. The meso-scutum is remarkably small, being shorter than
broad, and no longer than the scutellum, which is of much greater
length than usual. The form of this last piece is much different from
what we find in Cieniicha. In form it is pentagonal, the front edge be-
ing transverse, the two posterior sides forming a triangle, while the
two anterior sides are, though nearly parallel, yet slightly divergent.
" Wings remarkably long and narrow ; primaries nearly three times
as long as broad, being remarkably long and narrow as in the Lithosiae.
Costa straight as far as the apex, which is much rounder than usual
as is also the internal angle, while the inner edge is but one-fourth
shorter than the costal. The nervules arise remark-
ably equidistant, and their origins are much shorter
'and nearer the outer edge than in the allies of the
genus. The short subcostal nervules run rapidly to
the costal edge. First, second and fifth of equal
OF NORTH AMERICA. 41
lengths, the thin! not branched and equal in length to the fourth,
while the origins of each are opposite the inner third of the fifth,
which arises near the middle of the discal space. Two discal nervules
of equal length meet to form an angle pointing inwards, from which a
fold is thrown inwards along the middle of the discal space. Median
nervules much straighter than usual, their interspaces oblong, and of
very equal size. Origins of second, third and fourth equidistant. Sub-
median nervure long and distinct.
" Secondaries long and narrow, the apex much produced, the inner
angle not reaching to the tip of the abdomen. Costa convex, a little
excavated just before the apex. Outer margin two-thirds as long as the
costa, angulated slightly on the second median. Inner edge very short,
being one-half as long as the costal. First and second subcostal ner-
vules nearly equal in length. The upper discal is very long and ob-
lique, and with the lower discal is parallel with the outer edge of the
wing. But three median nervules present. First, obsolete ; second and
third, parallel ; third and fourth shorter than the second and directed
downward. Distance between the two first median nervules one-third
as great as that between the third and fourth.
" The slender abdomen is a little more than twice the length of the
head and thorax.
"The coloration is Prussian blue, with saffron bases to the wings,
somewhat as in Pyromorpha.
' ' Compared with other genera of the sub-family, this interesting ge-
nus presents some notable differences, all the characters being, as it
were, influenced by the close relationship to the Lithosise. This is
seen in the dentated antenna, neither simple as in the Lithosi^, nor
pectinated as is the rule in its own group. The Lithosian characters
also appear in the head, in the form of the clypeus especially ; and in
the unusually slender body, with its narrow wings, and elongated scu-
tellum of the meso-thorax. Though after all the Zygcenic characters
prevail so extensively that it is a little strange that observers after Dr,
Harris' time should change his location of the genus to a place among
the Lithosiidas. Though the larva is a lichen-feeder and thus in this
early stage is like Lithosia and allies, we must consider the insect as
simply analogous in its habits as well as structure to that genus, and
not be misled by these strong resemblances."
Packard, Proc. Essex Inst., April, 1864.
42 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
The three species found in the United States may be tabulated thus:
* Fore wings bicolorous.
t Base yellow - - - - Z. Pholus.
Base Red - - - - Z. Miniali.
* Fore wings concolorous, pale brick red - Z. Palmerii.
l.-LYCOMOEPHA PHOLTJS. {PL 2, fig. 3.)
Sphinx pholus, Drury. ( 1770.)
pholus, Fabricius, Sp.. Ins., vol. 2, 166, 49. ( 1781.)
Lyconiorpha pholus, Harris, Sill. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 36.
Glaucopis pholus, Harris, Ins. Inj, Veg. , p. 341, fig. 164. (1862.)
Glaucopis pholus, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 135. (1862.)
Lvcomorpha pholus, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 289. (1862.)
5 . $ . Entire insect deep blue-black, almost black, with the ex-
ception of the patagia and the basal half of all the wings, which are
orange.
Expanse of ivings, 1.20 inches. Length of body, 0.40 inch.
Habitat. — Northern Atlantic States.
Larva. — "Pale green, with yellowish spots running into green;
head black, covered with a few short, whitish hairs ; body sparingly
clothed with rather long hairs, which are white on the sides and black
on the back, the hairs arising singly from minute tubercles, those on
the third segment the longest, and with the others before them directed
forward. It eats the lichens on stone heaps and shady places, and
undergoes its transformations in a thin silky cocoon." Harris.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
ZYG^ENIDH.
ZYGJENINJ;,
^ Genus ANATOLMIS. Packard.
" Head of moderate size, broad and short. Occiput and epicranium
together, equal in length to the clypeus ; epicranium bilobate, much as
in Lycomorpha, with much the same proportions. The clypeus is very
broad, scutellate, just as broad as long, covered with broad flat scales
which converge towards the median line. Eyes small, hemispherical,
their diminished size adding to the breadth of the small clypeus between
them. Antennae situated nearly midway between the front edge and
the base of the head ; rather slender, with very short broad pectinations
equalling in length the joints, and covered densely, especially on the
sides, with stout hairs, and terminating in a single seta. Maxillae well
developed, longer than the head is broad. Palpi long, porrect, reaching
beyond the front ; third joint minute conical subacute, nearly continu-
ous with the second, which is not very broad.
"Body slender, thorax, not much broader than abdomen ; wings
remarkably long and narrow. Primaries a little more than three times
as long as broad ; costa very straight, a little convex on the outer third;
apex rounded ; outer edge very convex, very short ; inner edge remark-
ably long, and nearly parallel with the costa, very straight, the usual
convexity near the insertion very slight.
" Costal very near the margin, and infringing on the middle of the
first subcostal ; third subcostal of very equal length,
first curved towards the costa, the third shorter than
.^ _. ^ the first: fourth branched within its middle, enclos-
'- ^^-i-~-^~J jng a narrow long triangular apical interspace; fifth,
not removed from its nervule at its origin. Median,
nervules arise at the outer third of the wing. First and second are
united at their base ; third and fourth are equidistant from the second,
Submedian curve long, well marked, but no nervure. Very long in-
ternal nervnre. Fringe rather long, especially just below the apex.
" Secondaries very long, twice as long as broad, narrow triangular,
hardly reaching to the tip of the abdomen. Apex much produced,
44 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDi?':
though obtuse. Costa very straight, outer edge very long, remarkably
straight, internal angle rectangular, not reaching much beyond the
base of the anal tuft.
" Subcostal divides near the outer fourth of the wing ; first and second
median very short, nearly parallel ; third very remote, but of the same
length.
' ' Legs long and slender, finely scaled. Hind tibial spurs very small
unequal acute, inner pair very remote, and half as large as the terminal
pair. Tip of abdomen provided with large anal valves of unusual size,
being laterally broad lanceolate.
"The squamation is fine and powdery, compared with Lycomorpha,
to which it is nearest allied, besides the very different style of coloration,
the primaries are narrower, costa straighter, secondaries more triangular,
owing to the rectangular inner angle. But in the structure of the head,
of the antennae, of the thorax and abdomen, it agrees closely with
Lycomorpha, and these characters are those which place it without
doubt in the Zygaenidse, though after a casual glance one would not
hesitate to call it a Lithosian. The blueish scales of the body, the
dark mahogany-colored tegument, the fine pov/dery squamation, and
the slender, very equally jointed legs and pectinated antennae aid in
determining the true position of this interesting genus.
" From the resemblance to the parallel genera, Hypoprepia and Atol-
mis, among the Lithosiidse I have praposed the name above given. "
Packard, Proc. Essex Inst, April 1864.
1-ANATOLmS GROTEI. (Pi. 2, fig. 4.)
Anatolmis Groiei, Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. (1864.)
5 . ? . — Vermillion red and smoky purple. Head and appendages
blackish, thorax red. Primaries red throughout, except the fringe and
the edge of the outer third of the costa, which area deep smoky purple,
nearly black. Secondaries red on the basal third, beyond smoky pur-
ple ; the red extends from just within the middle of the inner edge to
near the apex upon the costal edge. Legs purple, concolorous with
the abdomen. Beneath colored the same as above. There are no
other markings on the wings.
Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.45 inch.
Habitat.— Co\ov2ido Territory, (Coll. Phil. Ent. Soc, T. L. Mead,
H. Edwards, R. H. Stretch.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 45
The original type of this species was from Pike's Peak, Colorado
Territory, (loc. cit. ); the specimen from which the figure was drawn
was kindly presented to me by Mr. T. L. Mead, who took it in the
same locality.
46 ZYGJENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
B0MB7CID£.
LITHOSIINa;.
Genus HYPOPREPIA. Hubner.
" Body stout, rather short, elongato-subfusiform. Head rather small.
Palpi stout, very much shorter than the hea^ ; third joint acuminated,
not half the length of the second. Tongue short. Ab-
domen oblanceolate, not extending quite so far as the
^J^^^=^ hind wings. Legs moderately stout ; hind tibiae with
two minute apical spurs. Wings moderately broad, not
long. Primaries slightly convex in front ; the hind
angle somewhat rounded ; first and second inferior veins almost con-
tiguous at the base ; third about eight times nearer to the second than
to the fourth." Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 303.
I.-HYPOPREPIA FITCOSA. (Pi. 2, fig. 12.)
Hypoprepia fucosa, Hlibn., Zutr. Dritt. Hand., p. 21, figs. 471, 472.
(1825.)
Liihosia miniata, Kirby, Fauna, Bor. Amer., pi. 4, p. 305. (1837.)
Gnophria vittata, Harr., Rt. Ins., Mass., p. 241. (1841.)
Hypoprepia fucosa, Walk., B. M. Cat. Lep., p. 487. (1854.)
Liihosia miniata, Walk., B. M. Cat. Lep., p. 512. (1854.)
Atolmis tricolor, Fitch, Third Report. Ins. N. Y., p. 168. (1856.)
Atobnis? miniata, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 544. (i860)
Gnophria vittata, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 256. (1862.)
Hypoprepia fucosa, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. , p. 303. (1862.)
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., vol. 3, p. 98.
5 . ? . — Palpi pale reddish, tips black. Head, thorax, and patagia
scarlet, sometimes inclining to yellowish. Abdomen lead color, scar-
let at the base and tip, and with a broad ventral streak of the same
color.
Primaries lead color, narrowly margined on the costa and outer
margin, and also on the basal three-fourths of the inner margin with
OF NORTH AMERICA. 41
scarlet. There is besides, a broad longitudinal stripe of the same
color, furcate on the outer half of the wing. Fringes lead color. In
many specimens the scarlet of the wings is paler, and the costa and
basal half of the central stripe are strongly yellowish.
Secondaries scarlet, with a broad outer plumbeous band. In those
specimens which show yellow tints on the primaries the secondaries
are much paler, and the outer band is reduced to half its width, and
strongly sinuated on its inner edge. Fringes slate color, concolorous
with the outer band.
Expanse of wings. 1.10-1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.40-0.50 inch.
Habitat. — Eastern States, Maine, (Verrill) ; Mass., (Sanborn Shurt-
leff); Mich., (Miles) ; Georgia, (Walker.)
Larva. — Of the larva Dr. Harris says, (Ins. Inj, Veg. , p. 342, Ed.
1862) : "The caterpillar lives upon lichens, and maybe found under
loose stones in the fields in early spring. It is dusky, and thinly cov-
ered with stiff, sharp, and barbed black bristles, which grow singly
from small warts. Early in May it makes its cocoon, which is very
thin and silky ; and twenty days after is transformed to a moth."
48 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDjE
BOMBYCID^.
LITHOSIINa;.
Genus CISTHENE. (Walker.)
Male. — Body rather short, moderately stout. Palpi much shorter
than the head ; third joint conical, acuminated, less than half the
length of the second. Antennae stout, setose, setaceous, rather more than
half the length of the body. Abdomen not extending so far as the hind
wings; tips forcipated. Legs moderately stout, hind tibiae
with four rather long spurs. Wings moderately broad,
not long. Fore wings very slightly convex in front, ob-
lique at the tips ; rounded and not angular behind ;
third inferior vein fully twice further from the second than the second
from the first ; fourth nearly twice further from the third than the third
from the second.
The two California species of this genus feed on plants belonging
to the anomalous genus Byssus, and occur in Dr. Behr's manuscripts
under the name of Byssophaga. The three species found in the United
States may be tabulated thus :
* Hind wings pale tawny.
f Band on ant. wings reaching the costa - C. faustinula.
Band on ant. wings not reaching the costa - C. nexa.
* Hind wings rosy.
•|- Fore wings with transverse band - - - C. unifascia.
Fore wings with spot on costa and inner margin - C. subjeda.
l.-CISTHENE FAUSTINULA. (PI. 2, fig. 10.)
Lithosia faustinula, Boisd. , Am. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 73. (1868.)
5 . ? . — Head, palpi, antennae, thorax and its appendages tawny
white ; eyes black ; abdomen tawny. Anterior wings with the costa
nearly straight, somewhat rounded near the apex; smoky gray in color,
with a short, narrow, marginal streak at the base of the wing, on the
inner margin, and a transverse band beyond the middle, twice con-
stricted, and somewhat broadest on the inner margin, of a pale tawny
or dirty white, the adjacent portions of the wing being somewhat darker
OF NORTH AMERICA. 49
in tint than the general color. Posterior wings pale tawny white, very
narrowly margined with pale smoky gray at the apex. Fringes of all
the wings concolorous with the adjacent portions of the wings. Beneath
as above, except that the band on the anterior wings is somewhat less
clearly defined.
Var./usca. The markings are identical, but all the portions which
are dirty white in the type, are pale smoky gray, nearly concolorous
with the anterior wings.
Expanse of wings, i.oo inch. Length of body, 0.35 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, etc.)
This species is found in the wooded districts round the bay of San
Francisco, but is less abundant than the following. The variety _/"«j-<:<2,
from the collection of Dr. Behr, was taken abundantly in Napa valley.
2.-CISTHENE NEXA. (Pi. 2, fig. 11.)
Lithosia nexa, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 74. (1868.)
Cisthene grista, Packard, Rep. Peab. Acad, Sci. (1872.)
5.?. — Head, antennce, palpi, thorax, legs and abdomen pale
tawny white. Anterior wings with the costa straighter than in C.
Faustitiula, clear smoky gray, with a short streak on the inner margin
at the base of the wing, and a triangular spot with serrated edges, hav-
ing its base on the inner margin and extending somewhat beyond the
median vein, pale tawny white. The projecting points of this spot
are edged with black at their apices. Posterior wings pale tawny
white, largely clouded with pale smoky gray at the apices. Fringes
concolorous with the adjacent portion of the wings. Beneath as
above, except that the gray shades are deeper and more uniform in
tint, and the spot on the anterior wings more contracted in area.
Expanse 0/ wings, 0.85 inch. Length of body, 0.30 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, etc.)
This species is found in woods round the bay of San Francisco. It
may be readily distinguished from B. Faustinula, by the larger apical
cloud on the posterior wings, by the band on the anterior wings not
reaching the costa, and by its smaller size. It is also much more
abundant.
50 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
EOMBYCIDi;.
LITHOSIINJE.
Genus CLEMENSIA* Packard.
"Head large, front broad, clypeus triangular, very broad between
the antennae. Antennae very slender, simple, with fine set^e be-
neath ; $ still more filiform and without setas. Palpi three-jointed,
free from the head, porrect, the whole of the third joint reaching be-
yond the front of the head, and only one-fourth shorter than the second
joint, acutely pointed. Maxilte long and slender, reaching to the
second pair of coxse when extended.
" Thorax just as long as broad, of equal width with the abdomen.
The pro-thorax is badly separated from the meso-thorax. Patagia
slight, not reaching beyond the base of the meso-scutellum.
Primaries a little more than twice as long as broad. Costa continu-
ously convex from base to sub-acute apex ; outer edge very oblique, a
little more than half as long as the inner edge, which is especially
convex at the basal half Costal region very broad, first to fourth sub-
costal nervules very short, equal in length, and going rapidly to the
costal edge; the fifth subdivides within its middle and the triangular
interspace between the two branches is twice as long as broad. Sixth
subcostal and first median nervules are parallel and of the same length.
The three first madian nervules arise very near together, while the
fourth is remote as usual, and arises just within the middle of the
length of the wing.
" Secondaries broad triangular; reaching to the base of the anal tuft,
apex a little produced ; costa convex throughout, from base to apex,
internal angle well rounded. Subcostal subdivides midway between
the apex and discal nervules, enclosing a triangular space. The three
upper median nervules are very approximate, their interspaces narrow,
linear. Legs long, slender, with four sub-equal, very long acute tibial
spurs which are a little shorter in the ? . Abdomen stout, broad as
the thorax and four times as long. In 5 a broad obtuse anal tuft,
* Named after the late Dr. Brackenridge Clemens.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 51
in ? its cylindrical tip is suddenly truncate, not narrower than the
base of the abdomen. * * *
This genus is closely allied to, and yet very distinct from Millochrista
of Europe. The head is broader between the antennae which are
stouter, and the palpi are larger and longer. The costa of the wings
are fuller, the outer edges more oblique, and consequently the apex
more acute than in Millochrista. The neuration is very distinct from
the European genus, since the subcostal nervules are shorter, the three
first median nervules much nearer at their origins and throughout
their length, and the fourth median arises near the middle of the wing,
while in Millochrisla it arises at the basal third of the wing. In the
secondaries the triangular apical interspace is shorter and broader in
Clemensia. The legs are longer, slenderer, as are the tibial spurs
which are nearly twice the size of those in Millochrisla. "
Packard, P roc, 'Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 102. (1864.)
l.-CLEMENSIA ALBATA. (PI. 2, fig. 13, $ .)
Clemensia albata. Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 103. (1864.)
' ' White with ashen and brown scales, dark spots and a black lun-
ate discal spot. Front grayish white. Edges of the prothoracic
scales pure white. Thorax and abdomen with grayish scales ; anal
tuft white.
" Primaries with six or seven black costal spots. Midway between
the base of the wing and the discal spot, a sinuate abbreviated line
proceeding from the fourth costal spot to just below the median nerv-
ure. A dot below on the internal nervures. A slight black streak on
each side of the fourth median below the discal spot. Between this
median spot and the base of the wing, in the 3 , a slighdy tawny dis-
coloration. Outer edge of the wing clear white. Marginal row of
black dots fine, but very distinct. Fringe clear white.
"Secondaries white but finely dusted with gray scales, gathered into
a diffuse, very indistinct extra-mesial line. No discal dot.
" ? is clearer white, the extra basal line is much less distinct than
in the 5 , consisting of a linear spot connected with the costal one.
Expanse of wings, $ 0.83, ? 0.90 in. Length of body, $ 0.35, ? 0.40 in.
Habitat. — New England States. Norway, Me., (Mus. Comp. Zool. ,
Smith.) Brunswick, Me., Augusta."
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vok 3, p. 103. (1864.)
52 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
BOMBYCIDJE.
LITH0SIIN5;.
Genus ETJPHANESSA. Packard.
" The head is much elevated behind the antennae, the epicranium
divided on its surface into two bosses. Clypeus much elevated, surface
convex. The front narrows rather rapidly anteriorly. Antennae sim-
ple, scaled above and on the sides, setose beneath. Palpi porrect,
passing nearly one-half their length beyond the front. Primaries
two-thirds as broad as long ; costa rounded towards the apex. Outer
margin oblique, almost as long as the inner margin. Internal angle
rounded. Costal nervure bent down towards the subcostal, parallel
at its termination with the three subcostal nervules. A
scalene triangular area below the subcostal, one of the two
shorter sides of which consists of the common i-ase cf the
fourth and fifth subcostal; the other, by the anastomosis of
the fourth subcostal with its main nervure. The first median becomes
independent, arising from the middle of the discoidal area.
' ' Secondaries nearly as large as the primaries, very broad. Outer
margin full, rounded , internal angle about midway in the wing, the
internal edge being short. Scales minute, thin, wings semi-transpar-
ent in spots.
" This genus differs from Nudaria, with which it has been confounded
by Walker and subsequent writers, in the smooth finely-scaled nar-
rower front, while the antennce are not tufted at the base as in the Eu-
ropean genus. Besides the palpi are much longer, and project far
beyond the front ; the triangular fore wings are much broader and they
have straighter costas than in Nudarta. In the last named genus
also, the inner edge is nearly hvice as long as the outer, while in Eu-
phanessa it is considerably shorter than the outer edge. The seconda-
ries in our genus reach much farther beyond the tip of the abdomen.
There are, moreover, constant dilTerences in the neuration of the two
genera. "
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., vol. 3, p. 102. (1864.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 53
l.-EUPHANESSA MENDICA. (Pi. 2. fig. 9.)
Nudaria mendica, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. II., p. 576. (1854.)
Eudule biseriata, H. S. Lep. Exot. , p. 19, fig. 441. (1855.)
Nudaria ? mendica, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. app. , p. 300. (1864.)
Euphanessa mendica, Pac, Proc. Ent.Soc. Phil., vol.3, p. 102. (1864.)
^ . ? . — Entire insect pale, ochreous yellow, with the wings subdia-
phanous, the costa and outer margins being somewhat darker. Eyes
black. Anterior wings with two oblique, irregular, transverse, pale
grayish bands, made up of irregular shaped spots. The basal band
consists of a large subquadrate spot on the discal area, a much reduced
rounded spot immediately below the median vein, and another of the
same size above the internal vein and nearer the base of the wing. The
outer band lies across the nervules, is very irregular, and consists of
unequal spots in the interspaces; its inner side is nearly straight, except
a projection thrown out to the discal vein ; the outer side is irregularly
dentate. There is a small spot on the outer margin, about midway
between the apex and internal angle. Posterior wings immaculate.
Expanse of wings, i.io inches. Length of body, 0.45 inch.
Habitat. — New England States and Canada, (Auth. Sanborn, Pack-
ard and Saunders.)
This insect appears to be but little liable to variation. Packard states
that it is common in low swampy grounds or dry pine woods in July.
After Plate 2 was engraved, I found the following notes in relation
to this species, which throw considerable doubt on the classification of
this insect with the Bombycidae, and seem to indicate that it ought to
be referred to the Geometridae. Mr. Saunders (Can. Ent. vol. 3, p.
227,) writes: " A female of this species deposited eggs on the side
of a box, in which it was confined, on the 2d and 3d of July. They
were of a bright red color, and the young larvae were hatched from
them on the 8th of the same month. They were extremely active,
about one-tenth of an inch long, with cylindrical bodies, and true
geometers in their larval characteristics and mode of progression.
The following description was taken at this stage in their history.
" Head large, bilobed, dark brown. Body above dull brownish green,
with a slight pinkish tinge, and with many short black and brown hairs.
Under surface similar to the upper ; feet and prolegs — of which latter
there were only tivo pairs — greenish and semi-transparent."
All efforts to find suitable food for these larvae failed, so that their
64 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
subsequent history is still unknown. It is greatly to be hoped that
Mr. Saunders will yet succeed in solving this question ; as our knowl-
edge now stands, it seems not unlikely that this insect must be ulti-
mately removed to the Geometridas.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 55
BOMBYCIDJE.
LITHOSIINS;.
l.-UTETHEISA. HUbner.
"Head small, smooth, with ocelli. Eyes prominent. Antennce
simple in each sex, rather short and slightly pilose beneath in the
males. Palpi curved, ascending nearly to the middle of the face,
squamose, basal joint tumid, middle joint long, terminal joint short,
ovate. Tongue about equal to the thorax beneath.
" Fore wings elongate-trigonate, length exceeding that of the body
by at least one-third ; subcostal vein with a nar-
row cell above the discal vein, with a single mar-
ginal branch arising anteriorly to it and one from
its hinder apex; the subcostal vein continues to-
wards the tip of the wing from the apex of the sub-
costal cell subdividing into post-apical and apical
branches, the latter furcate. Discal vein simple,
angulated. Median four-branched, the posterior very remote from the
other branches.
« " In the hind wings the subcostal vein is bifid from the origin of
the discal. Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 313.
The species of this genus are of wide geographical distribution, and
their unusual variation renders the limitation and determination of the
species a most difficult task, and one which can only be solved by a
thorough knowledge (which we do not at present possess,) of their
preparatory stages. U. pulchella of Europe is claimed by many writers
to be identical with an Australian species which also occurs as far north
as the Phillipine Islands ; and there are many reasons why the three
forms found in North America, and which I have enumerated as spe-
cifically distinct, should be united under one common name. It is
somewhat surprising that common as this insect is in some localities,
its history should not be better known. It may be that some fortunate
individual has raised it from its larval stage, but has failed to make its
history a matter of record. To any such I can only say that there is
no more important service to be rendered to the science than the care-
56 ZYGiENIDjE AND BOMBYCIDvE
ful Study and record of Embryological conditions, and no more inviting
and interesting field. Tiie mere collection, preservation, and compari-
son of the imaginal forms, however requisite, will never lead us to a
true knowledge of what should really constitute a species, and the
wonderful revolutions resulting from the study of the early history of
many species, will amply reward and interest the student.
l.-UTETHEISA BELLA. (PI. 2, fig. 15.)
Tinea bella, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 885. {i7(>7-)
Nochia belli, Drury, Exot., vol. i, p. 51, pi. 24, fig. 3. (i770-)
Bombyx bella, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 585. (i775-)
Phalcena bella, Cramer, Exot., vol. 2, p. 20, pi. 109, fig. c.d. (1779.)
Bombyx bella, Fabr., Sp. Ins., vol. 2, p. 203. (1781.)
Bombyx bella. Fabr., Mant. Ins., vol. 2, p. 131. (1787.)
Bombyx bella, Fabr., Ent. Syst., vol. 3, p. 479- (i793-)
Utetheisa bella, Hiibner, Verz., Schmett, p. 168. (18 16.)
Deiopeia bella, Westn., Ed. Drury, vol. i, p. 46, pi. 24, fig. 3. (1837. )
Deiopeia bella. Walker, C. B. M. Lep., pi. 8, p. 568. (1854 )
Deiopeia bella, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. , p. 25 1 , app. , p. 3 13. ( 1 862.)
Deiopeia bella, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., New Ed., p. 342, pi. 6, fig. 3. ( 1 862?)
Uklheisa bella, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 105. (1863 )
Groie, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 5, p. 234.
3 . ? . — Palpi whitish, apical joint black. Head white, with a trans-
verse black spot on the vertex, and a bilobed black spot on the front.
Prothorax white, with two black dots and the extreme sides yellow.
Patagia white, yellow at the base, with two black dots on each. Thorax
whitish, with three pairs of black dots. Abdomen whitish above, banded
with black beneath. Thorax beneath spotted with black.
Primaries lemon yelloiv to orange, with six transverse white bands, each
containing a series of black dots. The first band is immediately at the
base of the wing, while the fifth scarcely reaches the costa, and unites
with the sixth about the middle of the wing. The outer margin has a
row of interspaceal black dots, narrowly margined interiorly with white.
Fringes white with dusky markings.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 51
Secondaries />/;//(•, varying in intensity, with a narrowly white bordered
black outer margin, widest at the apex, where it encloses a pink costal
spot, having also beyond the middle of the outer margin, an enlarge-
ment towards the middle of the wing. There are also traces of two
similar spots on the costa. Fringes white.
Beneath all the wings are deep red, with the costa of the primaries
yellowish. The white bands of the primaries do not appear, but the
black bands are more prominent, as the spots are more or less confluent^
and appear as broken black bands. The markings of the secondaries
are reproduced except that the two costal spots are deep black and very
conspicuous.
Expatise of wings, 1.55 inches. Length of body, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States, from Massachusetts to Texas. (Coll. gen-
erally.)
The above description is drawn from a full colored specimen from
Massachusetts, presented to me by F. Sanborn. I have before me four
specimens from the northern Atlantic States and five from Texas. The
only difference of note, is the varying intensity of the yellow of the pri-
maries, those specimens which are palest having the black spots reduced
in size, with some few of them occasionally obsolete, but whatever the
degree of obsolesence, the color of the wings is 'sXxW yellow, and if all the
markings were obliterated, would be ivhite. A. S. Packard, jun. ,
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 106,) after the examination of fifty
specimens from Maryland, notes no other diff"erences, except that in
one specimen the black border of the secondaries sent large broad
expansions towards the middle of the wing. (See also U. ornatrix and
U. speciosa.)
2.-TITETHEISA SPECIOSA. (PI. 2, fig. 16.)
Deiopeia speciosa, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. pi. 8, p. 568. (1854.)
Deiopeia speciosa, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. app. p. 314. (1862.)
6 . ? . — The foregoing description of U. bella, will do for the present
species, except that where U. bella is yellow, U. speciosa is red, on the
upper surface of the primaries, and on the thoracic parts. In one spe-
cimen before me, the abbreviated fifth band unites with the fourth,
instead of the sixth transverse band.
Expafise ofrviftgs, 1.60 inches. Length of body, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States and West Indies.
58 ZYG.TL,KlDJiL AND BOMnVCID^
The specimen from which the figure was drawn, was forwarded to
me with other insects from Massachusetts, by F. Sanborn, but its precise
locality was not stated. Walker gives the West Indies as the locality
from which the type of his species was received. The red-winged form
seems indeed to be the one most prevalent among these islands, but I
have yet to see anything which is intermediate in color between [/. bella
and speciosa.
3.-UTETHEISA ORNATRIX. (Pi. 2, fig. 18.)
Noctua ornairix, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 839. (1767.)
Nociua ornatrix , Drury, Exot., vol. i, p. 51, pi. 24, fig. 2. (1770)
Bomhyx ornatrix, Fabricius, Syst., Ent. , p. 586. (1775.)
PhalcEna ornairix, Cramer, Exot., vol. 2, pp. 107-108, pi. 166, figs.
CD. F. (1779-)
Bo??ibyx ornairix, Fabr. , Sp. Ins., vol. 2, p. 203. (1781.)
Bombyx ornatrix, Fabr., Mant. Ins., vol. 2, p. 131. (1787.)
Bomhyx orjiatrix, Fabr., Ent. Syst. , vol. 3, p. 479. (1793.)
Utelheisa ornatrix, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett, p. 168. (1868.)
Ulelheisa orfialrix, Hiibner, Samm. Exot. Schm., vol. 2, Lep. 3,
Phal. 2, Ver. 4. (i 806-1 824.)
Deiopeia ornairix, Westw. Ed. Drurv, vol. i, p. 46, pi. 24, fig. 2.
(1837.)
Deiopeia ornatrix, Walker, C. B. M., Lep., pi. 8, p. 567. (1854.)
Grole, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 5, p. 234.
Expanse of wings , 1.70 inches. Length 0/ body, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Texas, Mexico, West Indies.
(S . $ . — Head, thorax and abdomen as in U. bella, except that the
portions colored yellow in U. bella, are verrnillioJi in U. Ornatrix.
Yx\xa.-^x\Q.% pale flesh color, with minute black dots disposed as follows:
one at the base of the median vein, one on the inner margin near the
base, four on the costa, a sinuated subterminal band, and an outer series
on the outer margin. Between the two terminal bands there is a narrow
broken vermillion band, and the costa is narrowly edged with the same
color between the black dots.
Secondaries, ivhite, subhyaline, with marginal band and markings as
in U. bella. Costa faintly tinged with pinkish.
Beneath, primaries deep red, costa yellowish, the black dots on the
OF NORTH AMERICA. 59
costa, and the marginal bands seen above being more clearly indicated.
Secondaries as above except that the costa is broadly pink, nearly con-
colorous with the primaries.
I have before me three specimens from Texas, and three from Maz-
atlan, in Mexico. The only variations to note on the primaries, are
the presence in one specimen of what would be the subcostal spot of
the short fifth band of U. bella; and in two specimens, of two interior
subcostal spots of what corresponds to the fourth band in the same
species. In two Mexican specimens the secondaries are largely clouded
with black, and one Texan example has the costal two-thirds of the
same wings, concolorous with the primaries. These variations do not,
however, affect the distinctive character of the insects in which they
occur.
Much may be said in favor of the view that the three foregoing
species are merely geographical varieties of one and the same thing,
and they are not here presented with perfect confidence that they are
specifically distinct, but in the absence of all knowledge of their pre-
paratory stages, and in view of their geographical distribution, the strik-
ing dissimilarity of their " fascies," and the difficulty of deciding which
should be considered the type, I have presented them in this way, with-
out wishing by so doing to pass upon the question of their specific
identity.
The whole genus is one of very diflicult'determination. It seems to
me that while U. bella may possibly be specifically distinct, there is a
possibility that speciosa and ornairix may merge by degrees one into the
other, yet among all the specimens I have seen I have met with but
one, which I could not immediately refer to one or other of the three
species, if they are so considered. This specimen is from Porto Rico,
W. I., and is figured on plate 2, fig. 17. The upper wings most
nearly resemble U. speciosa, (plate 2, fig. 16,) while the secondaries are
like those of U. ornatrix. It is the occurrence of individuals such as
this which obscure the question. Grote, in speaking of U. bella from
Cuba, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 5, p. 235,) seems to me to have had
before him specimens with reddish upper wings, which would place
them under U. speciosa, Walker, and if we consider these to be identi-
cal with the typical yellow winged U. bella, the entire series must be
united under one specific name (U. ornatrix), for speciosa and ornairix
(on accountofthe base ofcoloringofthe primaries being red in both cases)
are much more likely to be specifically identical than the yellow bella and
flesh colored ornatrix. The strongest argument in favor of their specific
60 ZYGyENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
identity is to be found in the constancy of the coloring of the under sur-
face of the primaries in all three varieties, and in the fact that however
kw of the black markings of the upper surface may be present, those
that remain, even in omatrix, occupy exactly the same position as the
corresponding markings in full colored individuals. On the other hand
ornatrix seems to be a Mexican type; speciosa, a West Indian type, and
bella, a more northern type; and even in Texas, where both ornairix
and bella occur, the two insects retain their characteristic markings. A
knowledge of their larval stage can alone decide this question satisfac-
torily.
OK NORTH AMKKICA. 61
B0MBYCID51.
ARCTIINS;.
Genus CALLIMORPHA, Latreille.
" Fore wings usually with two subcosto-marginal nervules from the
disc, and a costal cell formed by the second branch, sometimes much
contracted and narrower and placed above the discal vein or exterior
to the disc; in this case there is but one marginal nervule from the disc.
The post-apical nervule arises either about midway between the end of
the costal cell and the apical nervulet, or from the end of the cell. The
subcosto-inferior and the discal arise at a common point, the latter
curved. Median vein four-branched, (the origin of the first, second,
and third branches close together and equidistant,) the posterior nervule
remote from the penultimate branch. Hind wings broader than the
fore wings; neuration arcticeform, the subcostal becoming furcate exte-
rior to the origin of the discal vein. Primaries triangulate, twice as long
as broad; costa slightly curved, apex square, hind angle slightly rounded.
" Head moderate, free, smooth; with ocelli. Face and vertex nar-
row. Eyes rather large and prominent; antennas slender, filiform and
ciliated in both sexes; labial palpi somewhat exceeding the clypeus,
rather porrected but subascending, smooth, and towards the base pilose;
the middle and basal joint nearly equal, the terminal joint quite short
and ovate. Tongue as long, or nearly as long, as the thorax beneath.
"Body slender; thorax smooth; patagia cylindrical or revolute,
scarcely ascending above the vertex and pilose; breast and abdomen
smooth; legs rather slender, the tibial spur of the anterior concealed;
hind tibise with four moderate spurs, longer than the hind femora."
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 535, i86c.
The American species of this genus are white or luteous, with
brown markings, while the European forms, such as hera and dommula
are ornamented with red and green. The three species found in our
limits may be tabulated thus : (They all occur in the Atlantic States.)
* Posterior wings ocherous.
Anterior wings with white and brown markings - C. clymene.
" " with brown markings - C. inter rupto-7na7tginaia.
* Posterior wings white.
Anterior wings white with brown markings - - C. Lecontei.
62 ZYG^NID.E AND BOMBYCID.E
l.-CALLIMORPHA LECONTEI. (PI. 2, figs. 20. 21.)
Callimorpha Lecontci, Boisd., Guerin, Icon. Regne An. Griffith's Cuv.
An. Kingd., plate 32, fig. 4. (1831.)
Callimorpha militaris, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 592. (1833.)
Callimorplia viiUtaris, Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 243. (184 i.)
Hypcrcompa Lcconki, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 651. (1855.)
Callimorpha leucomelas, H. S., Lep. Exot., p. 17, fig. 431- (1855.)
Callimorpha Lcconlei, H. S., Lep. E.xot., p. 72. (1858.)
Hypercompa Lecontei, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 536.
(i860.)
Callimorpha milihtris, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 345- (1862.)
Hypercompa Lecontei, Saundens, Syn. Can. A ret., p. 28. (1863.)
Var. Hypercompa confinis, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 65 1 . (1855.)
Hypercompa confinis, Clem. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. , p.
(i860.)
Hypercompa confinis, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 345-
(1862.)
Hypercompa confinis, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 28. (,1863.)
Var. Hypercompa contigua. Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 652.
(1855-)
Hypercompa contigua, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 536.
(i860.)
Hypercompa contigua, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 346.
(1862.)
Hypercompa cotitigua, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 26. (1863.)
Var. Hypercompa fulvicosta, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 536.
(i860.)
Hypercompa fulvicosta, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 26. (1863.)
Callimorpha vestalis, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 108.
(1864.)
Tatiada conscita, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. XXXII., p. 377. (1865.)
This insect, as the above synonomy will prove, is a most variable
species. The variety which is figured as fig. 165 of the third edition
of Harris' Ins. Inj. Veg., is taken as the type in the following descrip-
tion, it appearing to be a medium between the Hypercompa confinis.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 63
Walker, in which the dark coloring most largely predominates, and
the Callimorpha vestalis, Packard, where all the markings on the pri-
maries are obsolete. This variety is the Callimorpha mililaris, Harris,
(plate 2, fig. 20.)
3. ?. — White and brown. Head fulvous; palpi fulvous; tips brown,
Prothorax pale fulvous with two brown dots near the median line.
Thorax brown, with two lateral white stripes. Abdomen whitish, with
a narrow dorsal brown line. Thorax beneath pale fulvous, legs the
same, outside of the tibiae and femora of the two anterior pairs brown.
Anterior wings while, marked with brown. A brown stripe on the
inner margin below the submedian vein, which throws off an oblique
transverse band across the nervules, its inner edge terminating at the
apex. Outer edge brown nearly to the anal angle, thus enclosing a
large ovate patch of while, supplemented near the apex by a small
white spot. Costa above the subcostal vein, brown nearly to the apex,
with two angular projections directed backwards, one terminating at
the origin of the first median nervule, the other about midway betw^een
it and the apex. There are generally corresponding, but less promin-
ent projections, on the oblique band. Posterior wings white immacu-
late.
Beneath as above, except that the markings of the primaries are
quite obscure, while the costa and apical portion of the oblique band
have a yellowish tinge.
Expanse of ivittgs, r.8o inches. Length of body, 0.70 inch.
Habitat. — Canada and Eastern United States. Canada, (.Saunders.)
New York, (Edwards.) Mass., (Sanborn.) Delaware, (Doubleday.)
St. Louis, (Agassiz.) (Coll. generally.)
Considering this form (pi. 2, fig. 20,) as the type, all the other modi-
fications can be derived from it, either by the expansion and confluence
of the brown markings, or by their obsolescence being more or less
complete. In C. fidvicosta, Clemens, the markings are all obliterated
on the anterior wings. Plate 2, fig. 21 shows a variety in which the
oblique band only is obliterated. By the union of the toothed projec-
tions of the brown costal margin with those of the oblique band, the
wings become five-spotted and we have C. Lecontei, Boisduval. By
continuing this expansion of the brown markings we get successively
C. coniigua and C. cotifinis of Walker. Not having seen the two last
mentioned varieties, I have included them as synonyms on the author-
ity of Grote, who has compared the originals in the British Museum,
(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 2, p. 72.) Some forms here classified as vari-
64 ZYGJEmDJE AND BOMBYCIDiE
eties may prove to be valid species when their history is known, as, for
instance, C. coiitigua, which is stated by the editor of the Canadian En-
tomologist, (vol. I, p. 45,) to be quite a constant form. For convenience
of reference, the following references to the markings of the different
varieties are added :
C. contigua, Walker, "Primaries brow^n, with a white discal stripe
which widens from the base to a little beyond the middle, and with two
large subapical white spots. Secondaries with a small brown spot near
the hind border."
C. confinis, Walker, "Primaries brown, with a discal, slightly angu-
lar white stripe, and an elongate triangular oblique subapical white
band."
C. fulvicosta, Clemens, of which C. vestalis, Packard, is only a syno-
nym, ' ' White, palpi orange yellow, tips blackish. Head, prothorax
and anterior edge of fore wings, especially beneath, orange yellow.
Sometimes the costa of the fore wings is dark brownish. Breast and
legs orange yellow, the middle of fore tibiae and tarsi blackish. Abdo-
men tipped with yellowish orange."
Larva; C. Lecontei. — Mr. Saunders succeeded in rearing four speci-
mens, which he states resembled each other very closely, but does not
give the name of the variety produced. The larvae were found June 10,
feeding on horse gentian, (Triosteum perfoliatiim); they entered the
chrysalis state June 19-20, and produced the imago July 12-14. The
following is his description of the larva :
"Length i.io inches, nearly cylindrical. Head rather small, bi-
lobed, black and shining, with a few short hairs, mandibles black, palpi
pale brown tipped with black.
"Body above black, with transverse rows of elevated shining black
tubercles, from each of which arises a spreading tuft of short bristly
hairs, a bright yellow dorsal stripe, and a wide band of the same color
on each side, this latter intersected with streaks and centered with a
broken band of black ; about half way between the dorsal and lateral
stripes, is a row of pale whitish dots, forming a faint broken line.
"Under surface dirty greyish white, with streaks and dots of brown,
feet black, prolegs dirty white on inside, with a patch of shining black
on the outside of each." Canadiafi Entomologist, vol. i, p. 20.
Larva ; C. fulvicosta. — Figured by Riley in 3rd Ann. Rep. St. Ent.
Missouri, p. 132, fig. 56, a. b. c, the following description being copied
from the same work on p. 134 : "Color velvety black above, pale
OF NORTH AMERICA. 65
bluish gray speckled with black below; a deep, orange medio-dorsal
line (usually obsolete towards each end), and a more distinct, wavy,
broken, yellow stigmatal line, with a less distinct coincident pale line
below it. Covered with large, highly polished, roughened, deep steel-
blue warts, the irregularities of which as they catch and reflect the light,
look like pale blue diamonds. Closely examined these warts are found
to be covered with small elevations, each of which furnishes a short stifl'
yellow hair, these hairs radiating in all directions around the warts
which are placed as follows : joint i, with an anterior transverse row of
eight, and a posterior dorsal row of four ; joints 2 and 3 each with a
transverse row of eight across the middle; joints 4-1 1 inclusive, each
with four circular ones anteriorly, and two irregular ones posteriorly
on dorsum (each of the last evidently formed by the blending of two),
and two on each side near the middle of the joint ; joint 1 2 w^ith two
that are irregular on the back, and one that is circular on each side.
Anal shield formed of one large irregular wart. In addition to these
there is a narrow subventral wart on each side, and two large ventral
ones on each of the legless joints. Head polished black with a few
black hairs. Thoracic legs polished black, but pale at the joints inside;
prolegs black outside, flesh colored within and at extremities. Stig-
mata not perceptible. Largest in the middle of the body. Average
length 0.90, greatest diameter o. 15 inch."
" Described from six peach-feeding specimens. Alcoholic specimens
do not reflect the pale blue points."
From the above descriptions it will be seen that the larva of C. Leconki
diff'ers principally from that of C. /ulvnosia, in lacking the blue reflec-
tions and in having a pale dotted subdorsal line.
Pttpa. — The larva of C. fuhicosta is said by Riley to spin a slight
cocoon of white silk, changing to a pupa of a purple brown color,
finely and thinly punctured and terminating in a horizontally flattened
plate, which is furnished with numerous yellowish brown curled bristles.
The moth issues from this chrysalis during the fore part of June.
Though C. fulvicosta has been found feeding on the peach tree, it
does not occur in sufficient abundance to be a serious pest to the orchard.
66 ZYGi^iNIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
2.-CALLIM0KPHA INTERRUPTO-MARGINATA. (Plate 2, fig. 19.)
Boynbix inierruplo-viaj-ginata, De Beauvois, "Ins. Afriq. et Amer.,
p. 265, pi. 24, figs. 5, 6." (1805.)
Callimorpha anchor a, Harris, (M. S. figs.)
Hypercompa comma, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. III., p. 652. (1855.)
Hypercompa interrupio-viarginata, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
p. 161, 536. (i860.)
Callimorpha comma. Morn, Syn. Lep. N.Am. supp. ,p. 346. (1862.)
5 . ? . — Whitish, brown, and fulvous. Head whitish, fi-ont and
vertex fulvous. Palpi yellowish, apical joint dark brown. Patagia and
thorax whitish, the latter with a broad longitudinal median stripe.
Abdomen yellowish, with a faint dorsal dark line, most distinct at the
base. Thorax beneath, and legs fulvous, the anterior pair dark brown
outwardly.
Anterior wings whitish, very faintly tinged with fulvous, which color
is most intense on the costa at the apex. The costa above the subcos-
tal vein, is brown nearly to the apex; the outer margin from the apex
to the fourth median nervule is also brown, as is also the inner margin
from the base to the anal angle. This last brown patch does not unite
with the one on the outer margin, extends above the internal vein, and
throws off a quadrate expansion towards the centre of the wing, termin-
ating on the second median nervule.
Posterior wings clear ochre-yellow, with a sub-cordate brown spot
near the outer margin, and rather nearer to the anal than to the apical
angle. Beneath all -the wings concolorous with the secondaries; the
spot on which is reproduced, but divided into two by the yellow A'ein.
On the primaries the spots are obsolete, except that portion of the
brown internal margin which is thrown off towards the disc of the wing,
and that portion which lies between this expansion and the inner angle.
Expanse of wings, 1.70 inches. Length of body, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Northern Atlantic States and Canada. Connecticut, (Coll.
Harris.) Massachusetts, (Trouvelot. ) New York, (Grote.) St. Ca-
therine, C. W. , (Coll. Scudder.) Wisconsin and Virginia, (Clemens.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 67
B0MBYCID5;.
ARCTIINJ;.
Genus KODIOSOMA, N. G. * Stretch.
Head small, hairy, somewhat sunk in the thorax. Antennae moder-
ately long, pectinated. Palpi stout, very hairy, pendent, but very slightly
advanced beyond the front. Thorax broad and stout, very hairy as are
also the patagia. Abdomen stout, hairy, extending beyond the hind
wings, tufted at the tip and sides. Legs stout, smoothly scaled. Wings
subdiaphanous, thinly scaled, twice as long as broad, costa straight,
outer margin rounded, inner angle rounded; posterior wings two-thirds
as long as the anterior wings, not reaching to the tip of the abdomen.
Size small, color generally black. ,
This genus comes near to Phragmatobia. Having only unique speci-
mens of each of the four species enumerated, I am unable to give the
neuralion, as the small size of the insects precludes the possibility of
making it out without destroying the specimens. This meagre descrip-
tion must therefore stand until more material occurs. It is drawn up
from the typical species fulva and nigra; the other two species are re-
tained in the genus provisionally.
l.-KODIOSOMA FULVA, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 7.)
Head black, hair}'. Palpi stout, black, tips paler, hairy, pendent,
scarcely visible beyond the front. Antennae black. Prothorax hairy,
pale buff. Patagia long, narrow, clothed with long fine black hairs,
as is also the thorax. Legs long, slender, black inside, white outside.
Abdomen stout, broad, depressed, clothed with long silky black hairs
above, slightly mingled with buff. Tip prominently buff; beneath paler.
Anterior wings long, narrow; costa straight, slightly rounded at tip;
outer margin rounded, nearly equal in length to the inner margin;
inner margin straight, nearly parallel with the costa. Color smoky
black, subdiaphanous, thinly scaled, with the base and margins of the
wing slightly darker than the disc. Costa margined narrowly with buff.
■ ( ■
* Kodioriy small fleece; Soma, body; in allusion to the soft fleecy-looking body parts.
68 ZYG.ENIDiE AND BOMBYCID.E
A narrow, transverse, pale buff line, somewhat beyond the middle,
angulated inwardly, and scarcely reaching the costa. Fringes short,
pale buff
Posterior wings subdiaphanous, pale buff, outer third smoky black,
narrowest at the anal angle. Inner margin clothed with long pale
buff hairs.
Beneath as above, but much paler.
Expanse of wings, 0.90 inch. Lengih of body, 0.30 inch.
/^^(^z/'a/.— -California, (Coll. Henry Edwards.)
Described from two specimens taken in the vicinity of San Francisco,
by my friend H. Edwards, one at San Mateo and the other at Saucelito,
both frying during the day time.
2.— KODIOSOMA NIGRA, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 8.)
Head, antennce, palpi thorax and legs black. Prothorax pale yellow.
Abdomen black with anal tuft yellow. All of the body parts stoutly
built and very hairy.
All the wings smoky black, thinly scaled, subdiaphanous, color most
intense at the base, and on all the margins. Costa of the anterior
wings very narrowly edged with yellow, there being as well, on the same
wings, a faint, straight, oblique, transverse, narrow, yellowish band be-
yond the middle. Posterior wings immaculate. Fringes black.
Expattse o/zvings, 0.85 inch. Length of body. 0.30 inch.
Habitat. —Q2,\\{oxmz, (Coll. Dr. Behr.)
Described from a single specimen raised from a larva found in May
in Marin county. t)r. Behr states that the larva bore a striking resem-
blance to that of Syntomis and the cocoon to that of Halesidota, but is
unable to give the characters of the larva more in detail, as it changed
to the pupa immediately after it was found. The anterior wings have
the costa and inner margin more parallel, and the apex of the wing
more quadrate, than in the other species of the genus.
3.-K0DI0S0MA TRICOLOR, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 5.)
<? . — Head black. Palpi black, hairy, pendent, only slightly ad-
vanced beyond the front. Prothorax white, clothed with evenly cut
hairs. Patagia large, black; thorax black, both it and the patagia being
covered with short fine hairs. Legs slender, smooth, black. Abdomen
OF NORTH AMERICA. 69
broad, stout, abruptly pointed, clothed with short hairs, black beneath,
red above, the tip black, and the base clouded with black, with an in-
distinct dorsal line of the same color. Tip slightly tufted.
Anterior wings long and narrow; costa straight, rounded at the apex;
outer margin nearly equal to the inner margin, slightly convex; inner
margin straight. Color uniform dull greenish black, with a narrow,
transverse, white band beyond the middle, bent outward on the costa.
Base of the costa narrowly edged with whitish. Fringes whitish.
Posterior wings clear red, with a black band on the outer margin,
gradually tapering in width to the anal angle. Costa blackish. Fringes
black.
Beneath as above, except that the colors are paler, the transverse
band more diffuse, and the base of the costa whitish on both wings.
Expanse of ivings, i.oo inch. Letjgih of body, o.^o mch.
Zra3//«/.— Nevada, (Coll. Dr. Behr.)
Described from a single specimen taken in May, at Carson City, Nev.,
flying in the afternoon over low herbage. The flight strongly resembled
that o{ Zygccna filipejidida:.
4.-K0DI0S0MA EAVESII, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 6.)
Head, palpi, antennse, thorax, legs and abdomen black, the latter
sharply truncated. Prothorax dirty white, clothed with short hairs.
Anterior wings, with the apex, prominent, and the outer margin
rounded to the inner angle. Color smoky black, deepest on the costa,
apex and base; subhyaline on the outer half, and crossed by a narrow-
ish, whitish band, originating nearly at the inner angle, and extending
to the costa, where it encloses a black dot. This band is somewhat
angulate inwardly. Fringes black.
Posterior wings smoky black, deepest at the base, subhyaline on the
outer half Beneath as above, except that the anterior wings are whitish
at the base.
Expanse o/ivings, 0.90 inch. Length 0/ body, 0.40 inch.
ZTdi^iM— Nevada, (Coll. R. H. Stretch.)
Described from a single specimen taken near Virginia City, Nevada,
by Mr. William Eaves of that place. This species approaches K. tricolor
much more closely than the two Californian species, inasmuch as the
body parts are clothed with much shorter hairs, and the whole appear-
ance of the insect is less woolly. Of its habits I can add nothing.
70 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
B0MBYCID3;.
ARCHING.
Genus EPICALLIA. Hubner.
Antennae moderate, subsimple in both sexes, (E. virginalis) or
slightly pectinate in $ (E. villica.) Palpi porrect, slightly pendent,
somewhat exceeding the front, finely scaled. Head clothed with short
hairs. Thorax and abdomen finely scaled, the latter as long as or
exceeding the hind wings. Wings ample. Primaries triangular to
subovate. Costa straight, slightly curved at the apex, outer margin
only slightly oblique. Secondaries large. Primaries spotted, neuration
similar to Euprepia.
Larva clothed with very long silky hair similar to Euprepia.
This genus is allied, by its antennae and fine scales on the body parts,
to Callimorpha on one hand, and by its neuration and preparatory
stages to Euprepia on the other. In its style of coloration it differs widely
from the last genus which shows a strong approach in this respect to
Arctia. But one species is found in the United States, and this, in
many of its characters, such as the simple antennae and finer scales of
the entire insect, shows a departure from the European type, which, as
pointed out by Packard, appears to be influenced by its association
with the woolly European genus, while the American form conforms
more to the finely scaled American genera Callimorpha, Euchaetes, Ec-
pantheria and Halisidota.
1.— EPICALLIA VIRGINALIS. (Pi. 3, figs. 2, 3, 4. Pi. 10, fig. l, Larva.)
Chelonia virginalis, Boisd. , Lep. Cal. , p. 49- (1852.)
Arctia virginalis, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M., pi. 3, p. 61 1. (1855.)
Arctia virginalis, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 337. (1862.)
Epicallia virginalis, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 108. (1864.)
Epicallia virginalis, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i, p. '3,1^,. (PI. 6,
fig.42,cS. (1867-8.)
Var. Agarista guttata, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 48. (1852.)
Pleretes guttata, H. S., Lep. Exot., pp. 72, St^, fig. 464. (1858.)
Alypia guttata, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 132. (1862.)
Epicallia guttata, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i, p. 334. (1868.)
Callittiorpha guttata, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 74. (1868-9.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 11
$ . 5 . — Type, black with yellow and ochraceous spots. Head bright
reddish ochre. Palpi and antennae black, the former reddish ochre be-
neath. Prothorax black with a small sulphur yellow spot on each side.
Patagia sulphur yellow, edged with black. Thorax black with a small
reddish ochre spot behind. Legs black, inside of anterior and middle
pairs largely red ochre. Apical half of posterior tibiae yellow, which
prevails also largely on tarsi. Abdomen black above and below, with
the tip, and indications at the sides of each segment, of narrow trans-
verse bands of reddish ochre.
Anterior wings deep velvety black, with twenty to twenty-two clear
yellow spots, disposed as follows : five at the base of the wing, (being
two above the subcostal vein, two below the median vein, and one in
the discal area); a double spot on the middle of the costa; beyond this,
across the nervules, an oblique band of four unequal ovate spots, di-
vided, by the black nervules; between these and the inner margin are
two rounded spots; finally the nervules are crossed by an outer sinuated
band of eight spots, those next the costa being very minute. Between
the two middle spots of the four which lie below the median vein, there
is frequently present a narrow transverse spot.
Posterior wings black, with reddish ochre markings as follows : an
irregular median band broken in the middle, connecting on the costa
with an inner transverse spot ; faint indications of tw^o or three basal
spots, and an outer band of spots touching the anal angle where the
spots are confluent.
Van ocliracea, (pi. 3, fig. 2,) differs in the colorof the abdomen, and
under wings, which are clear yellow ochre. The abdomen is black
below, ochreous above, with narrow transverse black bands, sometimes
more or less confluent at the base. On the posterior wings the black
area is reduced to a submedian band, a transverse spot on the costa,
an extra median band deeply emarginate in the middle, and traces near
the apex of a black marginal band. The main nervules are frequently
black in the outer portion of the wings. Var. guttata (pi. 3, fig. 3),
resembles the type, except that the abdomen is entirely black, except the
tip; and the secondaries are uniform black, except a few small reddish
ochre spots, variable in number, near the outer margin, which are all
that remain of the typical markings.
Expanse of wings, 2.20 inches. Length of body, 0.90 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, etc.)
Larva. — The body is black; the first three segments are clothed with
dense rust-red hairs; the remaining segments with very long silky white
72 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
hairs, mingled with black along the sides, and a few rusty hairs on the
segment, (anal, pi, lo, fig. i.) It feeds on the various species of lupin,
is full fed about the middle of July, and spins an irregular, thin open
cocoon, composed entirely of white silk without intermixture of the
hairs from the body. The imago appears in August and flies readily
in the day time. Its flight is strong and rapid, making it a difficult
insect to take on the wing.
This species is abundant in the neighborhood of San Francisco,
(though extremely subject to the attacks of ichneumons of a variety of
species) and also at Washoe Valley in the State of Nevada; probably
also in many other localities where its favorite food-plants are found.
It is liable to many variations, as is the case with many species of this
sub-family. I have given E. guttata as a synonym after careful exam-
ination of a large number of specimens, being unable to draw the line
of distinction. They have been separated on the differences of color-
ation of the posterior wings, yet in a long series it is possible to find
specimens of every intermediate gradation of color, while if extreme
types are selected, there ought to be three instead of only two species.
The specimen figured on plate 6 of vol. i of the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.
is evidently the intermediate form, in which the fulvous and black of
the lower wings are nearly equally divided, the abdomen being black
above, with traces of fulvous bands across the sides. This may be
considered the type, although Boisduval appears to have had before
him, when he drew his description, the second variety, in which the
fulvous coloration largely predominates, the black being much reduced
in area, and the abdomen banded above with fulvous, thus giving the
insect a paler and distinct appearance. The third variety ( E. guttata)
has the lower wings almost entirely black, only a few small spots re-
maining of the fulvous coloring.
Now from larvas collected on the same spot and at the same time, I
have raised both 5 and ? of varieties i and 2, without being able to de-
tect any differences in the larvce, and my friend Henry Edwards, of San
Francisco, has collected varieties i, 2 and 3 in Nevada, on the same
ground and at the same time, and assures me that he has never been
able to detect more than one type of larva on the locality where these
were taken. It follows then, that while the absolute identity of varieties 2
and 3 is not yet fully established, the fact is proven as regards i and 2,
which differ equally widely, and all the evidence is in favor of their be-
ing merely varieties of the same insect. The gradation of coloration is in
favor of this view, although it is by no means difficult to segregate a num-
ber of specimens into the respective varieties with tolerable certainty.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
BOMBYCID.E.
ARCTIINJE.
Qeuus ARCTIA. Schrank.
Fore wings with tlie subcostal nervure having two marginal nervules
from near the end of the cell, and with a long narrow costal cell formed
between the second marginal and subcostal vein, and extended a little
beyond the origin of the post-apical, or without
this cell. The subcosto inferior nervule and the
discal vein arise at a common point, and toward
the apical portion of the wing is given off the post-
apical and apical nervules. The median vein is
four-branched, the posterior nervule being very
remote from the others. Hind wings broader than
the fore wings, as long or rather longer; neuration as usual in the
family.
Head small, rather sunken in thorax, hairy, and with ocelli. Front
narrovir and hairy. Eyes small. Antennse in the S shortly pectinated,
in the ? serrated, and sometimes slightly pectinated. Labial palpi
porrected, hairy and exceeding the clypeus by about one half their
length; the third joint subacute, nearly or quite as long as the second
joint. Tongue with slender filaments, as long as the anterior coxa?.
Body thick. Thorax covered with thick hair. Patagia rather large,
more or less overreaching the vertex. Breast rather hairy. Legs rather
stout, with all the femora hairy. Anterior tibiae longer than the last
joint of tarsus, with tibial spur concealed; the posterior tibiaj having
four moderate spurs.
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 526. (i860.)
74 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
The tabulation of the species of this genus is a most difficult task.
The following attempt will, however, be some assistance in limiting the
researches of the student :
a. Primaries dark.
b. Nervules clothed with pale scales.
c. Secondaries crimson - Vifgo, Sautidersu, Achaia, $, .
cc. " black ------ Anna.
ccc. " yellow.
f Transverse bands on primaries - Persephone, Achaia $,.
Var. Ochracea.
f No transverse band on primaries - - Virguncida.
car. Secondaries reddish ochre or brick red - Dahurica,
Achaia $ , Edwardsii, Coinplicata.
ccccc. Secondaries cinereous - - Speciossima, Quetiselii.
b. Nervules concolorous with the rest of wing.
c. Thorax black, - - -' - Behrii Nevadensis.
cc. ' ' striped.
d. Primaries with longitudinal stripes only.
* Secondaries red or reddish - Nais, var. ; Nais, var. deco7-ata.
* Secondaries buff ------ Nais.
dd. Primaries with longitudinal and transverse stripes, mark-
ings narrow.
* Secondaries red - - Williamsii, Bolanderi, figurala.
* " yellow and brown - - figurala, vzx. celia.
ddd. Primaries with longitudinal and transverse stripes, mark-
ings broad, giving the wings an angular-spotted appear-
ance.
* Secondaries red or I'eddish - auiholea $ , Blakei.
* ' ' white - - . - auiholea 5 .
* " cinereous - - - . - gdida.
A. Primaries pale _ . - . arge, placeniia, pallida.
l.-ARCTIA AUTHOLEA. (Pi 3, fig. 3 <5 , 4 ? .)
Chelonia auiholea, Boisd. , Lep. Cal., p. 76. (1868-9.)
5 . — Very pale yellowish white. Head and prothorax pale yellowish.
Patagia and thorax of the same color, with a broad black stripe down
the centre of each. Abdomen rosy red, with the last segment, and a
dorsal row of small spots black.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 75
Anterior wings pale yellowish, with black spots disposed as follows :
two basal longitudinal ones ; two sub-quadrate ones on the costa,
followed by a triangular one near the apex, and a small sublunate one
at the extreme apex. A triangular spot on the middle of the outer
margin with its base outward, and two others between it and the anal
angle with their bases inwards. The first quadrate costal spot has a
small portion detached by the light median vein, and opposite it near
the inner margin is another sub-quadrate spot. Between the second
quadrate costal spot and the inner margin, are two very narrow trans-
verse spots. Fringes and all the margins of the wings narrowly and
neatly yellowish. Posterior wings white, with the inner margins
rosy red.
? . — Similar to the S except that the black "on the abdomen is
more prominent, and the lower wings are entirely rosy red, with a
faint discal and an outer band of four black spots, of which three are
subcordate with the points outward, the fourth, (being the second
from the apex) triangular with the base outward. Fringes pale rosy red.
Expanse of wings, 1.70 inches. Length 0/ body, 0.7c inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. H. Edwards.)
Of this handsome and characteristic species I have seen but one 6 ? ,
both to taken in southern California. While Boisduval's description
is somewhat vague as to the markings of the primaries, which in this
genus are notoriously difficult to describe in words ; the words " lower
wings white, with the abdominal gutter red," and his reference to the
red secondaries of the ? , satisfy me that the insect here figured is the
same described by that writer, who states that he has received the male
also from Mexico.
2 -ARCTIA BEHEII N. S. (PI. 3, fig. 12 5 , 11 $ . )
i . — Head, thorax, paiagia and abdomen below black. Abdomen
above pale orange, with the terminal segment, and a dorsal row of
transverse spots black.
Anterior wings velvety black, marked as follows with pale ochraceous
yellow : a narrow longitudinal streak reaching nearly to the outer
margin, between the median and internal veins, and a narrow edging
to the inner margin. A broad basal band, and two submedian bands
reaching from the costa to the inner margin where they nearly unite.
In addition there is the usual outer angulated band, originating on
the costa, midway between the outer band and the apex of the wing.
t6 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCID.E
Its first angle scarcely reaches the outer margin ; its second rests on
the outer band, enclosing a large transverse black spot ; its third
touches the outer margin but does not connect with the longitudinal
streak. The costal spot at the base is divided by a short oblique trans-
verse band, twinges blackish.
Posterior wings rose, inclining to orange. A small black spot on
the costa beyond the middle, and a marginal row of five black spots
the first apical, the other three triangular with their bases inward, and
apices not reaching the margin of the wing. Fringes concolorous with
the adjacent parts of the wing. Beneath, all the wings are as above
except that the coloring is less intense.
?. — Similar to the $ except that the basal band is narrower, and
the median bands are sharply angulated near the costa, and continued
along it slightly towards the base of the wing. The longitudinal
streak does not extend beyond the outer median band, but reappears
W near the outer margin connected with the angulate band. Fringes
*i' black, interrupted with yellowish. On the secondaries the apical and
third black spot are united and merged into a narrow black margin.
Fringes black at the apex only.
Expanse of wings, 3 1.70, ? 1.40- 1.70 inches. Length of body,
0.70 inch.
Habitat. — Downieville, California, (Coll. Dr. Behr.)
This fine species I have named with much pleasure after Dr. Behr
of San Francisco, whose extensive collection containing many novel-
ties collected during a long residence on the Pacific Coast, has been
generously placed at my disposal for the purposes of this work. A.
Behrii may be readily distinguished" from its congeners by the black
head and thorax, which impart to it a most distinctive character. In
this respect it resembles A. Nevadensis, Grote. Two 5 ? examined,
showed no tendency to variability.
3.-ARCTIA BOLANDERI, N. S. (PI. 3, fig. 13.)
3 . — Anterior wings deep blackish brown ; costa and inner margin
narrowly edged with yellowish ; fringes the same color. The anterior
wings are marked as follows with dirty yellow : A narrow streak
between the median and internal veins reaching nearly to the outer
margin. A small spot on the costa indicative of an obsolete basal
band, and two narrow transverse bands, divergent on the costa, but
meeting on the longitudinal streak and continuing thence as one to
OF NORTH AiMERICA. tt
the inner margin. Outside of this is the usual angulated Hne, resem-
bling the letter z, originating on the costa midway between the outer
transverse band and the apex. Its first angle is somewhat distant from
the outer margin, its second rests on the outer median band, while
the third nearly touches the outer margin but does not connect with
the longitudinal streak.
Posterior wings rose color, with the outer margin from the apex to
near the anal angle, narrowly banded with black, the inner line being
sinuated. Just inside of this are three small black spots. Fringes
yellowish. Beneath the anterior wings are paler, with the yellow mark-
ings broader and less clearly defined ; the posterior wings are more
inclined to orange, with indications of one or two discal dots, in ad-
dition to the markings seen above.
The condition of the body parts of the only specimen I have seen,
is such as to preclude an accurate description.
Expanse of wings, i.oo inch. Length of body, 0.40 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Collection of Dr. Behr, from Mt. Shasta.)
This well marked species is probably the smallest of the North
American Arctians. I have named it after Professor Bolander of San
Francisco, who, though more specially devoted to botanical studies, and
eminent therein, has greatly aided our knowledge of California Ento-
mology by collecting insects during his botanical rambles in the remote
districts of the State. The present species was taken by him.
4.-ARCTIA EDWARDSII, N. S. (Pi. 3. fig. 9.)
5. — Head prothorax and patagia pale ochreous yellow, with two
black spots on the prothorax, and a black dash in the centre of the
patagia. Thorax black, with two narrow pale ochreous stripes. Ab-
domen dirty red above, pale ochreous below, with the terminal segment
and base black, and a dorsal, lateral, and two ventral rows of black
spots. Legs black, outside of tibiae yellowish.
Anterior wings black, with the costa, inner margin and veins, very
narrowly pale ochreous, and the following markings of the same color.
A narrow longitudinal streak below the median vein, forking on the
outer margin ; a transverse basal band slightly curved outwardly, and
beyond this a bifurcate median band originating on the inner margin,
with both branches slightly convex outwardly, and diverging towards
the costa in the form of the letter V ; beyond this an angulated outer
78 ZYCENID^ AND BOMBYCID^,
band, one extremity resting on the costa, the other upon the upper
fork of the longitudinal streak, and its centre on the median band.
Inside the basal band is a small band reaching from the costa to the
longitudinal streak. Fringes yellowish.
Posterior wings red, inclining to orange, blackish at the base and
along the basal half of the inner margin, with a narrow black outer
margin toothed between the black spots, which are arranged as follows,
being seven in number : one at the base, one on the inner margin,
two near the costa, and three adjacent to the outer margin. Fringes
yellowish.
Beneath, the anterior wings are marked as above, but the colors are
paler, the bands more diffuse, and the veins yellow only at the outer
margin. The posterior wings are more inclined to orange and show
in addition three small black spots on the costa.
Expanse of ivings, 1.40 inches. Length 0/ body, o.^^\nc\\.
Habitat. — San Francisco, California, (Coll. R. H. Stretch.)
Allied to A. Dahurica, Boisd., from which it may be readily distin-
guished by the rounded apex of the anterior wings, (these being acute
in A. Dahurica) and the distinct V-shaped form of the median bands.
I have seen but one specimen and in this the antennae are wanting.
5.-ARCTIA DAHURICA. (Pi. 3, &«. 10, ? .)
Chelonia dahurica, Boisd., Icon. Hist. Lep. 126, 2 fig. i. (1832.)
Chelonia dahurica, H. S. Samm. Eur. Sch. Band. II, p. 145. ( 1845.)
Chelo7tia dahurica, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 48. (1852.)
Arctia dahurica, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. Het. p. 3, pt. 597. (1855.)
Arctia dahurica, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 527. (i860.)
Arctia dahurica, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 341. (1862.)
Arctia dahurica, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 118. (1864.)
Arctia dahurica, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i, p. 336, pi. 6,
fig. 41. (1868.)
' ' 5 . — Head, pectus and labial palpi brownish ; behind the antennae
are ochreous scales ; antennae black, finely bipectinate. Prothoracic
pieces black, edged with ochreous hairs. Thorax black. Patagia
black, fringed with ochreous. Thoracic parts, beneath, clothed with
long brownish black squamation. All the tibice are pale ochreous
outwardly, as are the hind tarsi, while the anterior femora are also
OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
partially ochreous toward the lower end of the joint ; elsewhere the
legs are black or blackish. Abdomen, at base and dorsally, black,
laterally bright ochreous ; a segmentary series of black stigmatal spots.
Beneath pale ochreous with sublateral series of broad segmentary
maculations diminishing towards the anus.
" Anterior wings somewhat produced at apices, black. Costal edge,
towards the base, pale ochreous. Nervules finely marked by pale
ochreous scales. An incomplete sub-basal transverse band and an
outwardly arcuate median band, not extending below the internal
nervure. A longitudinal stripe running from the base below the
median nervure outwardly to internal angle, before which it is furcate
on cell I b ; on this stripe rests terminally a series of transverse bands,
resembling the letter K, with the straight stroke turned towards the
base of the wing and the fusion of the bands (sometimes) obsolete
on cell 3. The short fringes are pale yellow, and extend uninterrupt-
edly from the apices over the rounded internal angle along internal
margin. Beneath the wing is paler, while the markings of the upper
surface are repeated, but less distinctly ; the veins are obsoletely marked
with pale scales. Secondaries largely black ; subterminally these show
irregularly shaped and elongated bright ochreous patches ; fringes as
on primaries. Beneath the secondaries are largely marked with bright
ochreous bands on a black ground." (Grote, loc. cit. )
? . — Same as 3 except in the smaller amount of black on the second-
aries, where the black spots are not confluent as in the S , but are
distributed as follows : one at the base, a median row of three spots,
an outer row of the same number, one of them touching the anal
angle, and a black outer margin dentate between the outer row of
spots.
Expanse of ivings, 5 1.34, ? 1.60 inches. Length 0/ body, <5 0.55,
? 0.60 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Boisduval, Edwards, Stretch. )
This insect is found in the neighbourhood of San Francisco, but
appears to be rare. Dr. Boisduval states that the type of this species
was received from Siberia, but is inclined to the opinion that this
locality may be erroneous, as Eschscholtz from whom he received it,
collected also in Russian America on the Aleutian Islands, and may
have taken it in the latter place.
Arciia complicata, Walker, from Vancouver's Island, appears to be a
very closely allied species, even if it be not identical with A. Dahurica ;
80 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
indeed it is quite possible that the figure here given of A. Dahurica may
be the $ of Walker's complkata. As points of specific difference, Grote,
who has examined Walker's type in the British Museum, notes a slight
difference in the coloration of the head, a larger amount of pale color
in the posterior wings, and the completeness of the terminal arctian
band on the primaries, which in Grote's description of A. Dahurica is
said to be obsolete on cell 3 (q. v.) There is no note of any difference
in the location of the markings on the primaries. Now both of these
species are from the same locality, and in a genus where the markings
are so notoriously liable to fusion or obsolescence it seems to me,
(without having seen the type of cfw/>//(ra/(/) that these differences are
not sufficient to warrant the creation of a new species. As will appear
in Part 5, A. achaia varies infinitely more than this, as do many other
insects of this group found on the Pacific Coast, among which may be
enumerated Antarctia vagans, {ptmciaia, Packard), Pseudohazis eglan-
terina, Nemeophila alaskensis and Nemeophila ? Of the latter
insect, one of the synonyms of which is Lithosia decia, Boisd., scarcely
any two specimens are exactly alike, and it is quite common from
California to Oregon. This extreme tendency to variation on the
Pacific Coast is a subject of very great interest, whether due to the
great variety of climate and conditions under which the insects live, or
to whatever other cause, and being so constantly reminded of the fact I
should gready hesitate to separate two insects on differences so slight as
those quoted by Mr. Grote. Indeed were I to do so it would be neces-
sary to make four or five species of what I knozv to be Arctia achaia,
Grote ; and two, if not three, out of Pseudohazis eglanterina. I there-
fore, while not including A. complkata in the synonymy o'i A. dahurka,
have but little doubt that the two insects are identical.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 81
BOMBYCID.S:.
AKCTiiN^a:.
Genus SEIARCTIA. Packard.
" Owing to the fine powdery scales that cover the body, the head
seems much freer from the thorax than in Arctia. The front is broader
throughout, more convex , where in Arctia it narrows towards the front
edge, and becomes flattened. Palpi porrect, large and long, tips obtuse,
surpassing the front by the entire length of the third joint. In Arctia
the palpi do not reach beyond the front.
" Thorax moderately stout, finely scaled. Primaries long and nar-
row, the breadth being contained two and one-half times in the length.
Costa straight on the basal half, from thence more convex than in A.
Arge. The apex is produced more than usual, obtusely pointed.
Outer edge very oblique, one-half as long as the costa, and nearly
equals the length of the inner edge. In the neuration this genus is
more like that of Halesidota that Arctia, since the second and third
subcostals are curved very near the costa. Apical interspace much
larger than in Arctia, while the fifth subcostal is longer and straighter,
as are the three first median nervules, the third being curved more,
while the semi-ovate space enclosed between the first and third is
longer and broader towards the apex than in Arctia, where it is more
acute. In this respect it resembles Halesidota. Fourth median curvetl
slightly, arising much nearer the middle of the wing than in Arctia ;
and nearer also to the third median, to which it is parallel.
" Its affinity to Halesidota is still more striking in the form of the
secondaries, which are much produced towards the apex. The costa is
much bent in the middle ; in Arctia it is not bent at all, and the long
outer edge is somewhat angulated. Legs large and stout, finely scaled,
resembling the stout finely scaled legs of Halesidota and Ecpantheria.
" The species are pure white, with black stripes along the nervures,
not in the interspaces as in Arctia.
" In the figure of Abbot's, the larvae of S. echo have the dorsal hairs
arranged in high broad tufts which show the transition from Arctia, in
the larvse of which the fascicles are of uniform length, to Halesidota
where the fascicles often form tufts and pencils of hairs. "
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 119.
82 ZYG^NIDi^ AND BOMBYCID^
1— SEIARCTIA CLIO. (PI. 3, fig. 1.)
Seiardia clio, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 120. (1864.)
" $, . — White, streaked longitudinally along the nervules with black
brown. Palpi above black. Prothorax immaculate. Meso-notum
with three black stripes, those of the patagia lined without with yellow-
ish ; hinder part of the thorax also yellow. Abdomen yellow, with a
dorsal and lateral rows of small black spots.
"Primaries pure white; median and internal nervures lined with
black, as is the internal margin partially. Ends of the third subcostal,
fourth and fifth subcostal entirely, second median entirely, and the
remaining median nervules partially black. Secondaries immaculate,
except two apical minute streaks. Costse of both wings beneath cream-
white. The black markings distinct beneath. Fore legs darker above
than the others, and they are all more or less blackened at the joints
above." Packard, (loc. cit.)
Expanse of ivings, 1.95 inches. Length of body, 0.75 inch.
Habilat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Dr. Behr. )
I have seen but two specimens of this insect, both in the collection
of Dr. Behr ; one from Downieville and the other from the Yosemite
Valley. These localities would indicate that it is a mountain species.
OF NORTH \MEIUCA. 83
BOMBYCID^,
ARCTIIN^.
Geuus AEACHNIS. Hiibner.
Fore wings nearly one-third longer than the hind pair, much longer
than the body. The subcostal vein forms a small costal cell, immedi-
ately behind the origin of the discal vein, and gives rise to a marginal
nervule which sends off, near its middle, a short nervule to the costa;
near the tip of the wing it sends ofif the post apical nervule, and behind
it becomes bifid. The subcosto-inferior arises on a short stalk common
to it and the discal vein. The median vein is four-branched, the fourth
median being very remote from the third. Hind wings about equal to
the abdomen, broader than the anterior pair, with the neuration as
usual in the family.
Head quite small, somewhat depressed, smooth, with ocelli. Front
moderately broad, slightly inclined. Eyes very small. Antennce simple
in both sexes. Labial palpi rather short, scarcely e.xtending beyond the
clypeus, but slightly curved and ascending, and slightly hairy beneath ;
third joint short. Tongue exceeding the tips of the palpi by one-half
its length. Cletnens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 525. (i860.)
But one species is found in the United States, and that is from the
Pacific Slope.
1.— ARACHNIS PICTA, Packard, (PI. 3, fig. 6.)
Arachnis picta, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 126. (1864.)
" $ . — Head bicolorous; front, below the base of antennae, pale slate,
above white. Base and tip of palpi vermillion, scales beneath white.
Prothorax white, each half with a large round pale slate central spot
margined with black. Notum pale slate; patagia margined with black,
and a double median black line.
"Primaries pale slate, with five very unequal sigmoid dislocated white
bands, broadest upon the costa and margined with black. Third and
fourth consist, below the costa, of disconnected dots, and the fifth is
84 ZYG.'ENID.E -VXD BOMBYCID.E
entirely dislocated on the ^ilth s. c. Secondaries and abdomen pale
Vermillion. The former with three transverse dusky bands, of which
the inner is the broadest ; the outer consists of four disconnected spots,
and the outer margin is lined with dusky cinereous.
" Primaries beneath with four costal yellow spots, of which the second
is much the largest. There are two smaller triangular ones on the inter-
nal margin, obscurely connected with the costal one by a dark obscure
line, the marginal white line is the same as in the upper surface. Sec-
ondaries, costal half of base yellow, with two costal yellow spots, of
which the outer is much the smaller; the internal half of the base of the
wing is pale vermillion, and the wing below the median nervure is
slightly tinged with vermillion. Transverse incomplete lines as on the
upper side.
" Legs : femora beneath vermillion, femoral joint and tips of tibiae
and tarsi slate and whitish, ringed with black. Abdomen above ver-
million, with a dorsal median broad dusky line and a lateral row of
small approximate black dots, bounding the pruinose ventral side."
Packard, (loc. cit.)
The above carefully drawn description of the ? leaves nothing to be
desired, as the 3 differs only in being a trifle smaller, while the abdo-
men shows less of the slaty and more of the rosy tints.
Expanse of ivings, i. 50 to 2. 10 ins. Length of body, o. 60 to o. 80 in.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. A. Agassiz; Edwards,
Stretch, Behr, et als.)
Larva. — Entire body warm smoky brown, each segment with a trans-
verse row of rounded paler tubercles, varying on the different segments
from seven to nine in number. From each of these springs a divergent
bunch of stiff, rigid, moderately long black hairs of irregular length,
mixed with a few scattered longer hairs of bright reddish brown. In
appearance the body is cylindrical, moderately stout, and about equally
attenuated at both extremities. Length about 1.75 inches.
The habits of this larva are most interesting. It feeds on the various
species of lupins, and appears to be well distributed round the Bay of
San Francisco, as I have received the insect from a number of different
localities within a radius of twenty miles. It is a nocturnal feeder,
hiding in the day time under the dead bark of trees or in other shel-
tered places. About the 9th of May, 1870, I found a dozen larvae
OF NORTH AMERICA. 85
under the dead bark of a cottonwood tree. These were placed in a
bo.K, and kept well supplied with food for a couple of weeks, but they
declined to eat, and remained huddled up in the shadiest corner of the
box, retaining this position, almost without change, until the middle
of August, a period of over three months, in the height of summer
without food. The entire lot then assumed the chrysalis state within a
few days, some few without spinning any cocoons. The remainder, as
though almost all the moisture in the body had been eliminated during
their long fast, wove merely a very thin open white web, dotted with
minute glistening white beads, like small dew drops, and entirely free
from the hairs of the body, which in Halesidota are incorporated into
the cocoon. Their peculiar aestivation, seems also to affect the final
transformations, as the larva skin retains its shape after the exclusion
of the chrysalis, with the exception of the slit on the back of the head
and first and second segments, through which the chrysalis escapes.
The latter is seldom more than half extruded from the larva skin. This
remarkable aestivation has been observed in all the larvae we have raised,
(and while these have been numerous, I have never taken an imago
at large) and was first pointed out to me by Mr. H. Edwards; who also
called my attention to the color of the last pellet of excrement passed
by the larva. This is reddish, and appears to be the inspissated
equivalent of the drop of fluid usually passed by the imago, soon after
its exclusion from the chrysalis. Out often imagines evolved from this
batch of larvae, not one of them passed anything before they were killed,
thus proving how complete is the elimination of all extraneous matter
from the intestines during the larval existence.
This insect approaches A. atdcea, Hiibner, from Mexico, very closely,
if it be not the same thing, in which latter case Ecpantheria incarnata,
Walker, should be added as a synonym. The descriptions of these
two species agree with that of A. pida, except in the color of the spots
on the underside of the primaries, which are said to be red in the two
former species, v/hile in a long series of A. pida 1 have never seen
them anything but yellowish, or yellowish w'hite. Boisduval (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belg., p. 78, 1868-9,) i^ideed refers to our Californian species
as E. aulcea, Hiibn., stating that he has also received the same from
Mexico. While strongly of the belief that these will all prove to be
descriptions of the same species, it did not seem advisable in the
absence of Geyer's figure for comparison, to run the risk of introducing
confusion into the synonymy, and for that reason Packard's name is
86 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCIDyE
retained ; but if these suppositions are correct, Mexico must be added
to the geographical range, and the synonymy will be as follows :
Arachtiis aulaa, Hiibner. — Geyer, Zlitr., 913, 914.
Ecpantheria incarnaia, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M.
" " Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 524.
(1S64.)
Arachtiis aulcca, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 526. (i860.)
picia, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 126. (1864.)
Ecpantheria mihca, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 78. (1868-9.)
OF NORTH AMERICA.
81
BOMBYCID^ffi.
ARCTIINiE.
Genus HALESIDOTA. Hiibner.
Fore wings narrow, the subcostal vein with two marginal nervules
from the disc, with an apical nervulet near the tip, midway between
the origin of which, and that of the subcosto-inferior nervule arises the
post apical. Median vein four-branched, the posterior nervule moder-
ately remote from the penultimate. Hind wings, neuration arctiaeform.
Head moderate, short, rather woolly, with ocelli. Front tapering,
moderately broad. Eyes rather large. Antennae
'slightly pectinated in the $, serrated in the ?.
Labial palpi stout, porrected, exceeding the clypeus
somewhat, and squamose ; the basal and middle
joint about equal ; terminal joint conical, very min-
ute. Tongue as long as thorax beneath.
Body stout. Thorax smooth with decumbent hairs. Patagia erected,
moderately large. Breast slightly hairy. Abdomen smooth. Legs
stout and smooth; the tibial spur of the fore legs rather long, concealed;
hind tibiae with four moderate spurs.
Ckm., Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil, p. 533. (i860 )
The following is an attempt to tabulate the North American species:
* Primaries banded.
Yellow, rusty bands, abdomen yellowish - - H. Agassisu.
Ochreous, smoky brown bands, abdomen verm'ln //. Edwardsii.
Pale tawny, darker tawny bands, abdomen tawny H. lessellaru.
* Primaries spotted.
Dark brown, spots white.
Patagia dark brown _ . . .
" striped brown and white
Tawny, spots brown -----
Reddish brown, spots yellowish
Yellowish, dusted with rusty, spots white
H. sobrina.
H. argentata.
H. maculata.
H. cinnamomea
H. carves.
88 ZYG.ENin.E AND BOMBYCID.E
l.-HALESIDOTA EDWARDSII. (PI 3, fig. 5.)
Halestdota Edimrdsii, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III., p. i 29. (1864.)
Halesidota iransludda, Walker.
PhcBgopiera Quercus, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XII., p. 81. (1868-9)
5 . — Ochreous and vermillion. Head ochreous. Palpi vermillion,
clothed beneath with ochreous hairs, apical joint black. Antennae
brown, slightly vermillion at the base. Thorax and patagia hairy,
ochreous, the patagia much less distinct than in H. tessdlaris. Abdo-
men hairy, vermillion above, pale ochreous beneath, as is also the
thorax. Legs pale ochreous, tibiae and tarsi annulated with brown,
tibial joints also marked with the same color. Tibiae vermillion inside.
Primaries very thinly scaled, subdiaphanous, ochreous, with five pow-
dery smoky brown bands, the first at the base very incomplete; second
strongly arcuate outwardly; third straight, not oblique; fourth and fifth
nearly parallel with the outer margin, which is also broadly of the same
color; the third and fourth bands are fused on the inner margin, form-
ing a V. In specimens at all worn these markings are only clearly
visible on the costa and inner margin.
Secondaries nearly colorless, diaphanous, slightly vermillion on the
inner margin, narrowly dusky at apex.
Beneath, the markings of the primaries are faintly reproduced. On
the secondaries the costa is opaque, ochreous, with two brownish spots.
? resembles the 3 , except that the abdomen is less hairy and is or-
namented on the three terminal segments v»*ith a blackish, dentate, dor-
sal mark, widest on the terminal segment.
Expanse of ivings, 1.80-2. 10 ins. Lejtgth of body, 0.85-0.90 in.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, et als.)
Larva. — Length, 1.50 inches. Head dark brown, very large. Tho-
racic legs reddish brown, abdominal legs tawny. Body stout, depressed,
densely clothed with moderately long rich brown hairs of uniform
length, giving the larva a brush-like appearance. The sides of the body
as well as the caputal and anal segments, have scattered long silky hairs
of a tawny yellow. The cocoon is composed chiefly of the hairs of the
larva, and although of considerable density, is but slightly bound to-
gether with silk, of w'hich a very small quantity is used in its construc-
tion. The larva is full fed about the end of June, and the imago is
disclosed during the latter part of July.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 89
This species is abundant in the neighborhood of San Francisco,
feeding on the various species of oak. The larva is nocturnal in its
habits, and in the day time may be found crowded into holes and cavi-
ties (generally in families) and often in places where it seems scarcely
possible for them to penetrate. The imago is much rarer than the
abundance of the larva would indicate, as the latter are very subject to
the attacks of ichneumons, chiefly of small size.
90 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
ZYGiENIDiE.
ZYGiENIN^.
Genus PHRYGANIDIA. Packard.
Front broad, narrowing towards the mouth, sides parallel. In the $
the clypeua is shorter than in the $ . Maxillae as long as the thorax.
Palpi ascending, curved, very narrow and slender, tips just passing
beyond the front; third joint continuous with the second. Antennae
long and broadly pectinated, in the ? subsimple; pectinations being
nearly obsolete.
Thorax moderately stout, the patagia are more hairy than the rest of
the thorax. Wings long and broad. Primaries : length to breadth as
7.5 to 3.6. Costa slightly convex, straight in the middle. Apex sub-
rectangular, obtusely rounded. Outer margin moder-
ately oblique. First subcostal straight, arising just be-
fore the origin of the third subcostal; second arises more
than half way between the origin of the third and fifth;
third divides in the middle of its length, the interspace
being short triangular ; fifth subcostal is slightly removed at its origin
towards the middle of the discal space. Second and third median nerv-
ules are very short, dividing on the first third of the distance from the
discal nervules. Fourth median very short.
Internal angle of the secondaries much rounded, hardly reaching to
the tip of the abdomen. Costa straight, a little full near the base, while
the wing is much produced towards the much rounded obtuse apex,
being still more rounded in the ? . The two subcostal nervules are
thrown off very near the apex. In both wings the two discal nervules
are continuous and very oblique. The second and third median are
very short, arising very near the outer margin of.the wing.
Legs long and slender, closely and finely scaled; hind tibiae long,
provided with four moderate equal spurs; tarsi nearly as long as tibia.
Abdomen cylindrical, long, rather slender, tip obtuse. In the ? it is
shorter and obtuse.
The genus is not only much larger than Heferogvnis, but differs from
it in many respects. * * * "Wx^ neuration of the two
OF NORTH AMERICA. 91
genera is very dissimilar. In our genus the median nervules are longer,
and arise much nearer the middle of the wing, especially the fourth
median. The second and third median nervules in both wings are in
Heterogynis remote at their origin, while in Phryganidia they arise from
a common branch which is thrown off from the main nerve. This is
very abnormal in the moths. * * * *
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 348-9.
The transformations of P. Californica on which this genus is founded,
are so dissimilar to those of the true PsychiintC, that I remove the genus
to its present position, though with some hesitation, and chiefly because
I feel unable to assign it a more satisfactory position. Not only does the
larva construct no " sac," but it does not even construct a cocoon of
any kind, and the pupa is naked and suspended by the tail. It trans-
formations are given in their appropriate place.
l.-PHRYGANIDIA CALIFORNICA. (PI. 3, fig. U $ , 15 5 , pi. 10, fig. 4 larva, 5 pupa.
Phryga7iidia Californica, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 349.
(1864.)
3 . — Pale brown. x\ntennai smoky black ; palpi, front, base of the
patagia, and an interspaceal row of three cloudy spots immediately
outside the discal vein, yellowish ochre. All the remainder of the in-
sect pale sable brown, wings somewhat transparent and nervules darker;
secondaries paler than the primaries. Abdomen slender and cylin-
drical.
? . — Resembles the male except that the yellowish spots on the pri-
maries are absent, the wings are more transparent, and the costa of the
primaries is more rounded, while the abdomen is stouter, abruptly
pointed, and terminated with two short stiff spines.
Expanse ofivings, $ $1.50 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch.
Habiiai. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behrens, etc.)
Larva. — Slender ; head very prominent, globose ; last segment but
one-humped ; length 0.90 to i.oo inch.
Head pale brown. Body black above, dirty green below, with a
broad dorsal line of dirty greenish, divided by three narrow black lines,
and the sutures faintly marked with the same color. There is also a
narrow, broken stigmatal line of dirty greenish, and a similar line above
each of the abdominal legs. Tip of the last segment horny, the segment
92 ZYGJENW/E AND BOMBYCID^E
not being used to assist in progression, but usually slightly elevated.
Body smooth, transversely winkled. Younger specimens differ chiefly
in the disproportionate size of the head.
Pupa, suspended by the tail, naked, greenish white with black mark-
ings. Head and eyes prominent, front broad, maxillce legs and antennae
well marked, antennas equal in length to the wing cases and separating
them. Prothorax broad and short; mesothorax prominent, oval; meta-
thorax well developed ; abdomen conical, sharply truncated, with ter-
minal spine. Wing cases ample, extending to beyond fourth abdom-
inal segment. All sutures of head and thorax, legs and antennae lined
with black; the eyes are also of the same color, as well as the nervules,
which show clearly oh the wing cases. The mesothorax has a central
black line; the abdomen has a dorsal row of black points on the anterior
margin of each segment, and a lateral row of black spots blending into
each other towards the anal segment, which is black. Stigmata black.
Abdomen below with two sublateral series of black transverse spots
nearly blending into two longitudinal bands. Length 1.20 inch.
This insect is exceedingly abundant round the Bay of San Francisco
and probably in many other portions of California, occurring in some
seasons and localities in such numbers as almost to strip the live oaks
on which they feed, of their foliage. The first brood is evolved about
the 15th of June, and is followed by an autumnal brood. When first
hatched the young larvae appear to be nearly all head, so disproportion-
ate is the latter to the rest of the body; as maturity is approached the
disproportion decreases, but the head is always greater in diameter than
the body. The larvae feed singly, and appear to make little if any use
of the anal feet, as means of progression, generally carrying the last
segment elevated in the air, and in this respect show a certain affinity
to some notodontians as well as to Cerura and Platypteryx. The insect
cannot, however, be classed with these genera. Packard quotes Hete"
rogynis as the nearest ally, and points out the differences between the
two genera. Now Heterogynis is removed by many European writers
to the Zygaenida;, and it seems to me that Phryganidia should be also
removed to that group, instead of being classed among the Psychidae,
as originally described by Packard. One of the distinctive features of
the Psychids is the case-bearing habit of the larvae, and the generally
apterous condition of the females. Phryganidia possesses neither of
these characteristics, the larva being naked with the normal lepidopter-
ous form, and the pupa without surrounding envelope and suspended
by the tail, as in many Rhopalocera and some Geometrae. This latter
OV NORTH AMERICA. 93
habit is very abnormal among the Heterocera, especially Zygaenidae and
Hombycidae. In form the larva has some resemblance to that of
Psychomorpha and Eudryas, and my impression is that its allies must
be looked for among such genera as Procris and Ctenucha, and that
its true place is intermediate between these two forms. The males fly
readily through the hot sunshine round the tops of the oaks, but the
females are only occasionally taken on the wing.
94 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
BOMBYCID^.
AECTIIN^.
Genus EUPEEPIA. Germar.
Head small, not prominent. Front long and narrow, sides parallel;
finely scaled. Palpi stout, finely scaled, terminal joint pendent, slender,
projecting beyond the fi-ont. Eyes large. Antennae rather longer than
the thorax, approximate at the base, finely pectinated in the $ , sub-
simple in the ? .
Prothorax hairy, vertical, nearly concealing the head fi-om above ;
thorax and patagia clothed with long hairs. Abdomen stout, smooth,
extending slightly beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, smooth; femora
hairy ; the middle pair with two, the hind pair with four short unequal
spurs.
Wings ample. Anterior pair with the costa straight on the basal half,
thence gently rounded to the subquadrate apex ; outer margin full,
rounded ; anal angle distinct ; inner margin straight, convex at the
base. Median nervules arise a little beyond the middle, first and
second close together at their origin and curved downward ; fourth
four times as far from the third, as third from second. Costal ner\ure
long, reaching nearly to the apex. First and second subcostals thrown
off before the discal vein, long, parallel with the costal nervure ; third
subcostal arises at the discal vein, unites with the second to form a long
narrow cell, and is thence continued independently, throwing off the
fourth nervule to the outer margin, midway to the apex, and afterwards
bifurcating, both branches going to the costa. Fifth subcostal arises
on a short stalk at the discal vein, the latter being very slender and
strongly angulated inwardly.
Secondaries have the costa slightly angulated, outer margin full and
rounded, anal angle rounded. Costal vein long, arising from the same
stock as the subcostal.
Coloration bright and conspicuous ; primaries brown, with light
irregular bands similar to Arctia, secondaries spotted. The larva is
clothed with very long silky hair, thus differing strikingly from Arctia,
and showing a closer relationship with EpicalUa, although approaching
the former genus in the style of ornamentation. But one species is
found in North America.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 95
l.-EUPREPIA AMERICANA. (PI. 4, fig. 4, ? .)
Ardia Aviericana, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass., p. 246. (1841.)
Ardia Americana, Harris, Agass. Lake Sup., pi. 7, fig. 5. (1850.)
Chelonia caja, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 27. (1852.)
Ardia caja, Walk., Cat. Lep., B. M. (1855.)
Ardia caja, Fitch.
Ardia caja, Moeschler, W. E. M. 4, p. 360. (i860.)
Ardia Americajia, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 529. (i860.)
Ardia A?)iericana, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., Supp., p. 336. (1862.)
Ardia Aviericana, Saun., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, p. 28. (1863.)
larva.
Euprepia Americana, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, p. 114. (1864.)
Not Ardia Americana, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M., p. 607. (1855.)
6 . ? . — Head brown, a few scattered reddish hairs on the vertex.
Palpi brown, slightly red at base and beneath. Antennae whitish.
Prothorax brown, edged behind with red, and in front margiiied with
white. Patagia brown, white iti front and on the outer edge. Thorax
brown, reddish orange behind. Abdomen orange-vermillion with four
or five transverse black dorsal spots. Femora reddish, remainder of
the legs brown.
Primaries coffee brown, marked with creamy white as follows : A
large basal patch, enclosing a brown patch on the costa, and a smaller
dot below the median vein. The basal patch is produced into a longi-
tudinal streak below the median vein, which is sometimes connected
with the transverse band. This band originates on the inner margin,
two-thirds from the base of the wing, runs somewhat parallel with the
outer margin to the second median nervule, and is thence sharply
angulated backward to the costa. Outside this band is the usual Arctian
marking, arising at the inner angle and running direct to the angle in
the transverse band, thence, nearly parallel with the costa, to near the
outer margin, thence backward at an acute angle, thence at right angles,
terminating on the costa midway between the apex and the transverse
band. There are, in addition, two spots on the costa, between the basal
patch and transverse band, sometimes produced into more or less com-
plete transverse bands, but not passing the longitudinal streak. Fringes
brown.
96 zygtENid.e and bombycid.^
Secondaries bright orange, with seven rounded deep blue spots
margined with black, arranged in two rows ; the median row con-
sisting of three, and the submarginal row of four spots. In the median
row the first spot is on the discal vein, the second is greatly larger and
lies across the base of the fourth median nervule, the third is the size of
the first and lies on the internal vein. The outer row consists of a small
spot on the costa, a large one on the first median nervule, a similar spot
on the fourth median and a smaller one on the internal vein. Fringes
orange.
Beneath, the markings of the primaries are reproduced, but the basal
third is largely reddish, and the white bands are all reddish on the
margins of the wings. Secondaries as above, except that the markings
are dull black.
Expanse of ivings, ? 2.90 inches. Length of body, i.oo inch.
Habitat. — New York, (Doubleday, Harr. Coll.) Canada, (Saund.)
Vancouver's Island, (H. Edwards.) California, ( Boisduval.) Alaska,
(Dall.)
Larva. — Saunders (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, p. 28) has the fol-
lowing notes on the larva as it hybernates for the winter : ' ' Length,
three-eighths of an inch. Head black, body dark brown with transverse
rows of tubercles, from which spring dense tufts of intermingled white
and black hairs. It completes its growth in the Spring and enters the
chrysalis state late in May or early in June. Like the Caja of Europe,
it feeds readily on the common garden lettuce. "
While closely allied to the European E. caja with which it has been
confounded by European writers, it can be readily distinguished, as
pointed out by Dr. Harris (Ins. Mass., p. 246, 1841,) by the white
edging of the prothorax and patagia, which appears to be a constant
colorational difference. Harris gives the color of the posterior wings
as yellow ochre, suggesting the possibility of the occurrence of specimens
with orange or red hind wings. In two specimens from Vancouver's
Island, from which the foregoing description was drawn, the posterior
wings are all bright orange. Harris also calls attention to the absence
of black spots on the sides of the abdomen in E. Americana, which I
am unable to verify, owing to the defective condition of the body parts
of the specimen before me. Both these specimens (?) are much
larger than any specimens of ^. caja in my collection, and the posterior
wings are more ample and less acute at the apex. Morris (Lep. N. Am.,
p. 336) gives the color of the spots on the hind wings as black, which
must be a mistake, as they are distinctly blue in both species.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 9T
I do not find any description of the mature larva of ^. Aviericana,
but the description of the young quoted above differs materially from
that of E. caja, in which the long hairs are rusty and black, instead of
white and black. The larva of Euprepia is very similar to that of
Epicallia virginalis, (q. v.) E. Americana appears to be confined
chiefly to the northern portion of the continent, but in that region
to be widely distributed. In California, its most southern range, it is
a mountain insect, altitude taking the place of latitude.
98 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
BOMBYCIDJE.
ARCTIINJE.
Genus LEUCARCTIA. Packard.
" Front thickly covered with short hairs. Antennae well pectinated,
the pectinations in the $ being as long as the joints of the antennas
themselves, which are annulated above with white and black. Clypeus
short, somewhat sunken between the eyes ; the sides nearly straight ;
front edge square, slightly notched at the foramina. Labrum short,
obtusely rounded. Mandibles minute, discoverable by a few setae.
Maxillae stout and well developed. Palpi depressed, hardly surpassing
the front, two-jointed, the joints of nearly equal length, the scales on
the tip of the basal joint surpassing the tip of the second.
"Thorax and abdomen stouter than usual. The fore wings are
convex towards the unusually produced apex ; outer margin very ob-
lique, slightly convex. Secondaries: costa hardly bent in the middle;
apex produced ; outer margin nearly as long as the costa, and regularly
convex, reaching a third of the way to the tip of the abdomen. Legs
stout, short, femora pilose beneath. Two pairs of tibial spurs very
approximate and unequal in size. The tip of the abdomen is conical
in the S , very obtuse in the $ .
" While this genus is of much larger size, and possesses quite a dif-
fei'ent style of coloration from Spilosoma, there are many important
characters that warrant its separation from that genus. There are
marked differences in the relative size and Ibrm of the clypeus, and
also of the palpi. Though confounded with Spilosoma by its narrower
primaries, with their very oblique outer edge, it is much nearer to
Hypluvitria, and it should, perhaps, fall between the two genera.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 124.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 99
l.-LEUCARCTIA ACRllA. (Pi. 4, figs, l, 3, ,5 ; 2, ? . PI. lo, fig. 6, larva.)
?. Bomdyx acn'a, Drury, i, pi. 3.
$ . Bombyx capfotiJia, Drur}'.
Bombyx caproiina, Cram. Pap. Exot. Ill, p. 287.
Phalcena acria, Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga., p. 133, Tab. 67. (1797.)
Esligmeneacria, Hiibn., Samm. Exot. Schmet. Bd. 2, pi. 191. (1806.)
Verz., p. 184. (1816.)
Arciia pseuderniinea, Harris, Mass. Ag. Rep., p. 332, pi. i. (1823.)
Arctia acria, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. (Hitch. Rt., p. 591.) (1833.)
Rt. Ins. Mass., p. 251. (184 1.)
Spilosoma acrea, West. Ed. Drury I., pi. 3, figs. 2, 3.
Spilosoma acrea, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 667. (1855.)
Spilosoma acrea., Duncan, Nat. Lib., vol. 32, p. 171, pi. 20, figs. 1,2,3.
(1858.)
Spilosoma acrea, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 531, (i860.)
Spilosoma acrea, Harris, 3d. Ed., pi. 6, fig. 9, 5 , 10, ? , fig. 169,
larva. (1862.)
Spilosoma acrea, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., Supp. p. 342. (1862.)
Leucarctiaacrcea, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 124. (1864.)
? .- — Head, patagia, thorax above and below, white. Palpi, eyes
and antenna black. Abdomen yellow ochre above, beneath white,
as are also the basal segment and tip ; a dorsal row of six black spots,
a lateral row of geminate black spots, a ventral, and two subventral
rows of the same color. Femora of all the legs more or less ochreous,
fringed beneath with white hairs, and tipped at the joints with black ;
tibiae and tarsi black, annulated with white.
Wings : primaries white, marked with black dots, as follows : six
costal spots, and an outer marginal row of interspaceal black dots.
Two dots near the base, an oblique median row, parallel with the
outer margin, and two approximate submarginal rows, rnore or less
complete. The median band is sometimes connected by two spots
with the third costal spot from the base giving it an angulated appear-
ance. Fringes white.
Secondaries white, marked with black, as follows : A discal spot, and
a submarginal band of 3-6 spots, generally largest near the anal angle.
100 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
There is sometimes a faint trace of a very narrow marginal band near
the apex. Fringes white.
Beneath white ; on the primaries, the costal spots, the marginal dots,
and the outer row of the geminate submarginal band, are more con-
spicuous. All the other spots are obsolete, but there is, in addition,
a large spot on the discal vein scarcely visible above. Secondaries as
above, except that the markings are somewhat larger, and there are, in
addition, two or three black spots on the costa. All the markings
beneath are brownish black.
The above description is drawn from two specimens, one from the
Atlantic States, the other from California, which differ in no wise,
except in the larger size of the western insect. These insects have, I
believe, a// the markings peculiar to this species (pi. 4, fig. 3, contains
nearly all of them), but very generally a large portion of the transverse
rows are obsolete, while the costal spots are always present (pi. 4, fig. 2.)
$ . — Diff'ers from the ? in the following details : The abdomen is
yellowish below and has seven dorsal black spots. The secondaries
are yellow ochre above, and all the wings are yellowish beneath, with
the costa of the primaries whitish. Two Californian $ have the mark-
ings described above in the ? ; in two S from the Atlantic States the
markings are reduced in size and more or less obsolete.
S . var. — A variety of the $ occurring in California has the outer
half of the primaries and all the secondaries suff"used with smoky, as
well as the entire under surface where it is yellow in the type (pi. 4, fig. i .)
Expajtse of wings, $ 2.30, ? 2.50 inches. Length of body, $, i.oo,
? 1.00 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States, Southern States, California, Mexico (.'')
(Coll. generally.)
Larva. — Dr. Harris (Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 250) gives the following des-
cription : "The full grown caterpillar measures one inch and three
quarters or more in length. It is clothed with long hairs, which are
sometimes black and sometimes brown on the back and fore part of the
body, and of a lighter brown color on the sides. The hairs, like those
of the other Arctias, grow in spreading clusters from warts, which are
of a yellowish color in this species. The body when stripped of the
hairs is yellow, shaded at the sides with black, and there is a blackish
line extending along the top of the back. The breathing holes are
white, and very distinct through the hairs." The following description
OF NORTH AMERICA. 101
is drawn up from a mature Californian larva, and differs materially
from that just quoted :
Length 2.00 inches. Head black, clypeus and palpi clear yellow.
Body black above, mottled with smoky ; smoky below ; with a double
broken yellow lateral band, extending from segments four to eleven,
inclusive, the space between the two bands mottled and yellowish.
Body covered with tubercles, arranged as follows : segment i has six,
segments 2-3 have eight, segments 4-10 have twelve, segment 11 has
ten, segment 12 has six. Of these tubercles the four dorsal rows are
black, giving rise to fascicles of long, irregular, blackish brown hairs,
the two central rows being obsolete on segments i, 2, 3 and 12. All
the other tubercles are rusty red, and carry long silky rust-red hairs,
except those near the head, which are mingled with blackish, as are
also those on the anal segments. The hairs on segments 10 to 12 in-
clusive, are longer than those on the rest of the body. Stigmata yel-
lowish. Prolegs black, banded with yellowish. Abdominal legs flesh
colored.
Larvae as above produce imagines in no wise distinguishable from
eastern specimens. It is given as the extreme of divergence in color,
as many Californian larvae approach more closely the diagnosis of Dr.
Harris. It would be interesting to determine whether these differences
in color are sexual, or due to the effect of different food. In the allied
genus Antarctia, Hiibner, the larvae of the two sexes are so dissimilar,
that they can be readily separated, although perhaps this is scarcely a
parallel case as the 5 ? imago are so different that they might be re-
ferred to two separate genera by persons ignorant of their transforma-
tions. A similar case of discrepancy in the color of the larva between
the eastern and western portions of the continent, is to be found in the
case of Pyrrharctia isabella. Pack. Eastern larvae are black, with a
chestnut red band in the middle of the body, yet I have raised imagines
distinguishable, so far as I can see, by no valid specific difference, from
larvae found in California of a uniform greyish brown.
Dr. A. S. Packard, jun., to whom I forwarded Californian specimens,
informs me that L. Californica, Pack., is synonymous with L. acraea.
? specimens received from Mazatlan, Mexico, appear to extend the
range of L. acraea to that region, as I am unable to seize upon any
distinctive difference, although there is a general appearance about the
Mexican specimens, which at first sight would seem to indicate a se-
parate form. I have also in my collection, specimens of another spe-
cies received from the high Sierras of southern California, with imma-
102 ZYGMNIDM AND BOMBYCID.^
culate wings, which I beHeve to be undescribed, and which is identical
with specimens from Costa Rica. A few insects just received from
Arizona corroborate this fact, and show that probably many Mexican
insects will have to be included in our fauna.
2.— HALESIDOTA AGASSIZII.* (Pi. i, figs. 8, 9. Pi. lO, fig. 7, larva.)
Haksidota Agassizii, Pac, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 1 28. ( i S64.)
Halesidota Californica, Walker.
Haksidota Angulifera, Walker, Lord's Nat., Brit. Columb. (1866.)
PhcEgop/era salicis, Boisduval, Lep. Cal., p. 81. (1868-9.)
5 . $ . — Head, palpi, antennae and thorax lemon yellow, with the
tips of the palpi, two small dots on the prothorax and the inner side of
the base of the patagia reddish brown, which color sometimes tinges
the thorax. Legs rather darker than the head. Abdomen paler.
Anterior wings lemon yellow, crossed by four clear reddish brown
bands; the first at the base very incomplete; the second narrow and
curved outward; the third broad, forking on the fourth median, the
outer branch containing a darker cloud on the discal vein; fourth par-
rallel with third and outer margin, widest and darkest on the costa.
There is sometimes, in addition, a submarginal concolorous series of
interspaceal dots. Fringes lemon yellow.
Secondaries pale, whitish tinged with yellow, immaculate. Beneath
paler than above, the markings on the primaries nearly obliterated,
leaving only the dark spot on the discal vein, and the costal portion of
band four.
Expanse 0/ wings, 1.65 inches. Length of body, 0.68 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Stretch, etc., Mus. Comp.
Zool. Agassiz.) Nevada, (Coll. Eaves.) British Columbia, (Walker,
H. Edwards.)
The markings on the primaries are very liable to more or less com-
plete fusion, so that the identity of the bands is somewhat destroyed ;
the second band being fused with the third, the interval usually exist-
ing between them being represented by a few pale spots, and the third
band, instead of being forked, containing only a pale spot near the
costa, (pi. 4, fig. 9.) Specimens from Nevada are large and highly
* See page 87, ante.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 103
colored. These variations may have been the cause of Walker des-
cribing H. angulifera as distinct from his H. Californica. Boisduval's
name of H. salicis, was Dr. Behr's MS. name, and was attached to this
species many years ago. It is abundant round San Francisco, Cal.,
and extends as far eastward as the western portion of the State of Nev-
ada, and as far north as Vancouver's Island.
Larva. — Head, body and prolegs entirely black. Abdominal legs
pale dirty yellow. Body slightly depressed, densely clothed with evenly
cut velvety black hairs, except on the seventh and eighth segments
which are bright lemon yellow, with a small black dorsal lozenge-
shaped patch of black on each. The caputal and anal segments have
numerous slender pencils of pale yellow hairs, much longer than the
general clothing of the body, in this respect resembling the larva of
H. kssellarts but differing from that of H. Edwardsii, where these pen-
cils do not occur. Variety. — In some instances the black hairs are
confined to the two anal and two caputal segments, all the remainder
of the body being yellow, with black dorsal patches as in the type.
The cocoon is obtusely oval, tolerably compact and composed chiefly
of the hairs from the body of the caterpillar, with but a small amount
of silk in its composition. The larva is double brooded, and feeds on
the willow ; the first brood appears on the wing, in June ; the second
being full fed about the middle of October, and disclosed from the pupa
early in the Spring.
H. Agassizii dci^Qx's, from the other species of the genus found in the
United States, in the absence of all tendency to semi-transparency in
the anterior wings, such as appears in the thinly scaled tessellaris and
Edwardsii ; or to silvery markings as in the case of caryce and argetiiaia ;
the costa is also less rounded at the apex than in any of the species
mentioned, but the larval characters clearly retain it in the genus.
104 ZYGjENID^ and BOMBYCIDiE
B0MBYCID5;.
HEPIALIN5;.
Genus STHENOPIS. Packard.
" Head small, prominent, front longer than broad, narrowing a
little anteriorly ; scales of the front long pilose, thin. Palpi slender,
reaching nearly to the front, thinly spreading scales ; third joint hardly
distinguishable from the second. Antennae short filiform. Thorax
short, subglobose, scales much raised behind.
" Primaries nearly half as broad as long ; costa convex at base, and
especially so towards the falcate apex, which is subacute ; outer margin
concave below ; internal angle much rounded ; inner edge full, convex.
Second subcostal nervule subdivides within its middle, while in He-
pialus it subdivides beyond its middle. First subcostal much curved
beyond its middle, following the contour of the costa.
" Secondaries reach a little beyond the middle of the abdomen ;
costa somewhat concave before the middle, beyond convex, apex
produced acutely ; outer margin not very full ; wings broadest from
the internal angle to the costa. In both wings the distance between
the origins of the fourth median nervule and the submedian nervure,
where it throws off the connecting branch, is less than the distance
between the same nervule and the origin of the third. The reverse of
this occurs in Hepialus.
" Legs broadly pilose, spreading on each side the ungues. Hind
tarsi closely scaled ; $ tibiae with a long broad oblong tuft, once
wrinkled. Abdomen long, compressed, with a slight anal tuft.
" This genus is readily distinguished from Hepialus not only by its
greater size, but by important structural characters. The head is smal-
ler and more free from the thorax ; the wings are more falcate, with a
fuller inner edge. The apex of the hind wings is more produced.
Hepialus does not possess the large square tuft on the hind tibiae, nor
the elongated abdomen."
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 391.
The species of this genus are generally of large size, and have the
wings covered with broad irregular banes of silvery scales. The two
OF NORTH AMERICA. 105
following species from the Pacific Coast, while appearing to belong to
the present genus, differ considerably both in size and coloring from
those found in more northern latitudes, being destitute of all trace of
silvery bands and of rather smaller size even than S. argentata, Packard,
which expands two and one-half inches.
l.-STHENOPIS BEHKNSII. N. S. (PI. 4, fig. 6.)
? . — Entire insect pale salmon color. Anterior wings rather thinly
covered with coarse scales of rather dirty salmon color. Fringes some-
what paler. Posterior wings very pale, the nervules clothed with coarse
scales, concolorous with the anterior wings. Beneath all the wings arc
uniform pale salmon color, rather darker on the costa of all the wings.
Expanse of wmgs, 2.20 inches. Length of body, 0.95 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Behrens.)
This fine and very distinct species is from the collection of Mr. James
Behrens of San Francisco, who received the single female specimen
above described from Timber Cove, in Mendocino County, California.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to this gentleman, from
whom I have received many favors, he having placed his entire collec-
tion at my service for the purpose of describing the numerous unique
specimens contained therein.
l.-STHENOPIS MONTANA.* N. S. (PL 4, fig. 7.)
5 . — Entire insect pale brown. Anterior wings with a narrow, sub-
basal, oblique paler band, edged with darker, terminating on the sub-
costal vein where it is suddenly enlarged; an extra median double row
of interspaceal light curved lines, edged outwardly with darker, some-
what bent outward as they approach the costa; a pale obscure submar-
ginal band edged with paler, and exteriorly with darker between the
nervules, but not reaching the apex ; and finally an indistinct series of
marginal interspaceal dark angular streaks. The basal and costal
regions are somewhat darker than the rest of the wing, and the apical
half of the costa shows three or four pale whitish yellow spots. Fringes
concolorous.
* Through an oversight, the lithographing of the figure is defective on the left side.
The markings on the right wings are correct.
106 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID.E
Secondaries pale brown somewhat darker on the apical half of the
costa, where are faint indications of two or three paler spots.
Beneath uniform pale brown, except four or five pale whitish spots
on the apical half of the costa of the anterior wings.
Expanse of wings, 5 2.10 inches. Length of body, 0.90 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. H. Edwards.)
Described from a single specimen taken by H. Edwards, Esq., in
the neighbourhood of Lake Tahoe, on the Sierra Nevada mountains,
at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. The costa of the anterior wings
is straight, suddenly convex at the base, and slightly falcate. Outer
edge quite oblique ; anal angle rounded, inner margin straight, very
convex at the insertion of the wing. The secondaries have the costa
slightly concave, very strongly rounded to the acute apex ; outer margin
straight, two-thirds as long as the inner margin ; anal angle rounded.
The entire coloration of the insect is very obscure.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 101
BOMBYCID^ffi.
CERATOCAMPIN^.
Geuus HEMILEUCA. Walker.
"Front of the head broadly subtriangular, spreading pilo.sc. Joints
of the antennae short, a little serrated beneath, with broad pectinations,
each joint being provided with two pairs of pectinations, of which the
second is nearly obsolete. Eyes small, sunken. Foramina large and
conspicuous when the head is denuded. Mandibles obsolete, repre-
sented by a slight elevated line curving inwards towards the narrow
linear mouth. The ma.xillai form the membranous ridges diverging
from the under side of the mouth. The palpi consist of two small
elongated cylindrical tubercles, witli a few long scattered scales. Thorax
short and round. Fore wings scarcely longer than the body, one half
as long as broad ; costal margin straight, rounding at the apex ; outer
margin very oblique. Third and fourth subcostal nervules arise farther
out than the first median, and the discal area is produced outward at
their origin, and made narrower by the angulatcd base of the first median.
"Secondaries reach nearly to the tip of the outer margin. Discal
nervules situated beyond the middle of the wing the subcostal and
median nervules being short. Wings sparsely covered with narrow
subtriangular scales, laid on more thickly at the base and along the
costa of the wings, while the middle area is partially translucent. An
irregular dark patch surrounds the narrow linear transparent discal
region. An irregular light translucent broad mesial band crosses both
wings alike. The fore tibiae are densely pilose. Tarsi thickly spined
beneath ; ungues long and slender."
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 382.
The above diagnosis was drawn up from H. maia. and appeared as
Euchronia of Packard. The four species found in North America
may be tabulated thus :
* All the wings with pale markings.
\ Light band continuous.
Patagia black ------- H. maia.
Patagia whitish - - - - - - H. nevadensis.
ff Light band broken - H. Grotei.
** Primaries only with pale markings - - . . H.jimo.
*** Primaries without pale markings - - - H. Californica.
108 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDJl
1 -HEMILEUCA NEVADENSIS. N. S. (Plate 4, fig. 10, 5 . )
S . — Head and appendages black. Prothorax pale rusty ; patagia
whitish and very hairy. Thorax and abdomen black, anal tuft bright
rust red. Beneath black. Legs black with some rusty hairs on the
femora.
Wings black and pale yellowish, subdiaphanous. Anterior wings
very pale yellowish, with the costa edged with deep black ; the basal
third of the wing is also 'black, and the outer margin has a broad
dusky band, the nervules traversing it being deep black. The discal
lunule is transverse, long and narrow, surrounded by a blackish halo,
connected only with the black costal margin, being remote from the
black base of the wings.
Secondaries also very pale yellowish, black at the base, with a dusky
margin on the outer limb, terminating at the anal angle, and not con-
nected with the black basal region. Discal spot dusky, small, with
whitish transverse centre. Fringes of all the wings deep black. When
the wings are expanded, the black basal portion forms a very even
equilateral triangle. Beneath as above.
Expanse of wings, 2.50 inches. Length 0/ body. 0.95 inch.
ZTa^^zM— Nevada, (Coll. Dr. Behr.)
Described from two S taken on the wing at Dayton, Nevada, flying
in the day time round willows, in August. The insect was not uncom-
mon, but a number of other specimens taken at the same time were
unfortunately destroyed by accident. Both the specimens agree very
closely with the above description, and may be distinguished from H.
maia, its nearest ally, by the following characters : There is much more
pale coloring on all the wings. On the primaries the halo round the
discal spot is separated from the basal patch, and the outer marginal
black band is not more than half the width. This last character is true
also of the secondaries, while at the same time the black discal spot is
larger than in H. maia. Finally, the patagia are whitish instead of
black. Though apparently not rare in Nevada, this insect has not
been detected in California.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 109
BOMBYCID^i;.
PLATYPTERYGIN^.
J^, Genus DREPANA. Schrank.
^^:
Wings ample, body slender. Head broad, flat. Front wide, some-
what longer than broad, sides nearly parallel, smooth and finely scaled.
Palpi short, closely appressed to the head, not exceeding the front.
Tongue short. Antennas short, simple in ? , with long pectinations in
i . Thorax slender. Patagia small, hairy. Abdomen slender, cylin-
drical, smooth, not reaching the anal angle of secondaries. Legs long,
slender ; two posterior pairs each with two spurs on the apex of the
tibiae.
Anterior wings broad ; costa full at the base, straight in the middle,
very convex on the outer third. Apex very acute and much produced,
distinctly falcate. Outer margin smooth, somewhat convex near the
anal angle, which is distinct. Inner margin rather longer than outer
margin, straight. Median vein four-branched; second median nervule
as far from third as third from fourth. Internal vein straight. Costal
vein long, terminating near the apex. Subcostal very close to costal
vein. First subcostal nervule arises midway between the base of the
wing and discal nerve, and forks near the apex, both branches going
to the costa. Second and third subcostal nervules long, bent down-
ward to the outer margin. Discal vein strongly angulated outwardly,
the median branch much the longest.
Secondaries ample ; costa straight, full at the base ; apex and outer
margin rounded ; anal angle distinct ,' inner margin long and straight ;
costal vein long, straight, much arched at its basal origin. Subcostal
vein slender, very near the costal, forking at its middle, where it nearly
merges into the costal vein. Median vein four-branched, nervules very
long; second median nervule twice as far from third as first from second;
second nearly as far from third as third from fourth. Internal vein
long.
Larva closely allied to that of Centra.
This genus is distinguished from Flatypteryx Laspeyres (Edapteryx,
Packard) by the distinctly falcate anterior wings, and the entire, instead
of sinuated outer margin. Laspeyres' genus originally included the
110 ZYG^ENIDiE AND BOMBYCID^.
three modern genera Drepana, Platypteryx and Cilex, which correspond
to his sections A, B and C. Schrank had previously created the genus
Drepana, with D.fakataria, which belongs to Laspeyres' section A, as
the type. This name has therefore priority, while Laspeyres' name has
been retained for section B, to which P . laceriinaria and P. bilineata
belong.
Three species of this genus are found in the United States ; D. arcu-
ata and D. genicula in the Atlantic States, and D. siculifer in Califor-
nia. They are so closely allied that it is difficult to present their dis-
tinctive points in a tabular form.
l.-DREPANA SICULIFER. (PI. 4, fig. 11, ? .)
3 . ? . — Head pale rusty brown, darker on the vertex. Palpi
concolorous. Thorax and patagia very pale, nearly white, the latter
hairy. Abdomen smooth, rather darker. Legs pale rusty brown.
Anterior wings very pale brownish white, with a faint purplish tinge
centrally. An oblique cloudy rusty brown band, originating at the
outer third of the inner margin, and going direct to the apex, followed
externally by the following markings in the order named ; first, a narrow
pale line; secondly, a dusty clouded band sinuated on the outer edge ;
thirdly, a sinuated pale band, and fourthly, a sinuated dark powdery
band nearly parallel with the outer margin, between which and the
outer margin the wing is pale. The apex of the w-ing outside the
principal oblique band is purplish black. Inside this band there are
three dusky sinuated transverse lines, equidistant from each other on
the inner margin. The first is near the base, somew^hat curved out-
wardly ; the second is nearly parallel to the first and produced outwardly
into acute angles on the median and subcostal veins ; the third is
parallel to the main band and before reaching the cosla is bent back
at a very acute angle reaching the costa two-fifths from the apex.
Outside this line on the costa are two indistinct oblique lines directed
towards the apex. Costa tinged with rusty brown, more distincdy so
near the apex. At each end of the discal vein is a small blackish dot
and a third in the discal area. The spot at the junction of the discal
and median nervules is sometimes enlarged and more diffuse as in the
figure, and as was also the case in the type of the species as described
by Mr. Packard. Fringes rusty brown, pale outwardly, darkest near
the apex.
Secondaries very pale, nearly white, with dark submarginal sinuated
OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 1 1
transverse purplish lines originating on the inner margin diminishing
in length towards the base. There are also traces of a fifth just inside
the submarginal line, partaking more of the character of a shade than
a distinct line. An indistinct dark spot on the discal vein at its junction
with the subcostal. Fringes rusty brown.
Expaftse o/wiiigs, 1.60 inches. Length 0/ body, 0.50 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Stretch.)
Closely allied to D. arcuata, from the Atlantic States and D. falcataria
from Europe ; even more strongly to the latter than is the former.
Compared with D. falcataria our species is larger, specimens of the
former before me measuring only 1.35 inches across the wings ; the
costa is more convex towards the apex of the primaries ; while the
apical angle of the secondaries, instead of being nearly square, is very
obtusely rounded, giving the insect a mere robust appearance. The
markings while essentially the same are more intense in color, especially
the oblique brown band, though the transverse lines are also wider,
the second and third being closer together than in D. falcataria.
This species is one of the many cases where the insects of the Pacific
Coast of North America are almost indistinguishable by definite char-
acters which can be expressed in words, from those of Europe, while
at the same time they can be readily separated by their general appear-
ance, from their European allies, when placed side by side. I should
indeed have hesitated to separate D. siculifer under Dr. Packard's
specific name, had it not been for the diff'erences in color of the larva;,
which added to the modifications in form of the wings and the larger
size, seem to warrant such a course, which would not have been
admissible on the slight variations in color alone. The larva of D.
siculifer is stated by Dr. Behr to be blackish, while that of D. falcataria
is described by Stainton (Brit. Moths, vol. i, p. 163) as "pale green,
a broad dark red-brown stripe on the back,"
This species is also very closely allied to D. arcuata. Walker, from
the Atlantic States, which is somewhat a less robust looking insect
than D. falcataria so that the three species should follow each other in
the following order, D. arcuata, D. falcataria, D. siculifer.
Described from three specimens, all taken by H. Edwards, Esq., in
Napa County, California. The type of the species was sent by that
gentleman to its describer, but having been unfortunately destroyed
on its return, two specimens only are now extant, for one of which I
am indebted to the discoverer.
112 ZYGJEyiDJE AND BOMBYCID^
BOMBYCIDJE.
BOMBYCINS.
Genus GASTROPACHA. Ochsenheimer.
Head prominent, smooth. Front long, twice as long as broad, ob-
lique. Palpi stout, long, porrected, greatly exceeding the front, giving
to the head the appearance of a beak. Antennae short, stout, finely
pectinated to the tip in the $ , somewhat pectinated in the $ . Abdo-
men hairy, stout, tufted in the $ , somewhat exceeding hind wings.
Anterior wings with the costa straight, convex at the apex; outer
margin rounded, dentate; anal margin rounded, somewhat emarginate,
frequently very strongly so ; inner margin straight, about equal in
length to the outer margin. Costal vein long, reaching nearly to the
tip. Subcostal vein five-branched ; first originates very near the base,
going rapidly to the costal vein; second originates at the middle of the
wing, forking near the apex, one branch going to the costa, the other
to the outer margin ; third originates near the second ; fourth and fifth
spring from a common stalk as long as the distance between second
and third. Median vein with four very long nervules; first and second
arise at the middle of the wing ; fourth very near the base ; third mid-
way between second and fourth,
Secondaries with the angles and outer margin strongly rounded,
dentate, generally with a deep emargination on the costa near the apex,
the base of the costa which is much rounded, projecting in advance
of the costa of the primaries when at rest. Costal vein very distant
from the costa throwing off at right angles five small veins towards the
costa which are suddenly bent outward as they approach the costa,
the main vein being furcate at the outer third. Subcostal vein short,
forking inside the middle, and previously throwing off a short transverse
branch, which enters the costal vein just before its bifurcation. Median
vein four-branched, nervules very long, third nearly as far from second
as from fourth ; first and second with a common origin.
The species of this genus are difficult to tabulate. It has a wide
o-eographical range, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast,
and from Alaska to southern California, the species from the Pacific
Coast being of small size. The larvse are not gregarious.
OK NORTH AMERICA. 113
l.-GASTKOPACHA MILDEI, (Plate 4, fig. 12).
6 . — Thorax and patagia densely clothed with pale short rusty hairs,
slightly mingled with pale grey. Abdomen above and below reddish
brown, faintly banded with greyish, largely and squarely tufted.
Anterior wings deeply emarginate at the anal angle, rusty brown
with three indistinct bands of blackish tint, consisting of spots divided
by the reddish veins. The basal line is short and scarcely reaches liic
inner margin ; the outer one extends from the emargination to the a{)ex
in nearly a straight line ; the central line is nearly equidistant between
the other two, slightly sinuated, and strongly angulated near the costa,
which is reached about the outer third. The terminal space is thickly
powdered with greyish scales, giving it somewhat a dusky shade. The
costal and inner margins are rather darker than the disc of the wing,
the nervules being of a paler tint and clearly marked. Between the
basal and middle row of spots, there are also two others placed tran; -
versely in the discal space.
Posterior wings strongly emarginate on the costa, rounded, blackish
grey, powdered with rusty scales, and crossed by a narrow transverse
sinuated darker band, followed outwardly by an indistinct pale reddish
shade. The basal half is slightly redder than the apical half of the
wing. Veins narrowly clothed with rusty scales. Fringes on all the
wings white interrupted by dark rusty brown points at the termination
of the nervules.
Beneath, the anterior wings are rosy grey, pale at the base, which is
clothed with long whitish hairs, greyer and darker along the costa,
apex and outer margin. Veins not so conspicuous as above. The
central angulated line is blackish, unbroken and well defined. The pos-
terior wings are grey ; slightly rosy towards the inner margin, showing
.the black transverse line and a blackish cloud round the costal mar-
gination.
Expanse of wings, 1.40 inches. Length of body, 0.70 inch.
Habitat. — California. [Coll. J. Behrens. ]
Described from one 5 in good preservation taken south of San
Francisco. This insect is closely allied to G. tretiiulfolia of Europe,
from which however it differs structurally in the rounded instead of
acute apex of the primaries, which makes the wings proportionally
broader. The wings both above and below have many grey scales,
which only appear very faintly on the outer margin of the primaries
114 ZYGiENIDvE AND BOMBYCID.E
above in G. Iremuli/olia, in which also the veins are clothed with almost
concolorous scales, whereas in G. Mildei they are clearly separated by
their reddish color from the dusky outer marginal band.
It differs from G. Americana, Harris, in wanting the pale band and
crescent shaped pale spot on the primaries, and by its smaller size ;
from G. ferrugiiiea, Packard, it may be distinguished by the presence
of greyish shades on the wings ; from G. Cait/ornka, Packard, it may
be separated by its smaller size, the forewings having a length respect-
ively in the 5 of 0.60 and 0.75 inch, and by the strong ferruginous
tint of the primaries ; and lastly from G. Alascensis, Packard, the only
remaining American species, by the color of the wings beneath, which
are not " uniformly dark chesnut brown, much as above ; with the
outer band distinct, and with large triangular dusky spots between the
venules," but are quite pale at the base, with the 7niddh band distinct,
while the outer half of the wing is slightly hoary on a reddish ground,
with the veins scarcely distinguishable by difference of color.
At the suggestion of my friend Mr. James Behrens who took the
type of this insect, in Alameda County, I have retained his manuscript
name of G. Mildei, so called after the well-known Professor Milde of
Lubeck in Germany, to whom the Entomologists of the Pacific Coast
are indebted for many courtesies.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 115
B0MBYCID5;.
PTILODONTINJl.
Geuus NOTODONTA. OchsLmheimer.
Head small, hairy, sunk in prothorax. Eyes large. Front narrow,
hairy. Palpi very minute. Antennae moderate, bipectinate in 3 ,
sometimes only slightly so, simple in ? . Prothorax, patagia and
thorax hairy, scales appressed, raised behind. Abdomen stout, slightly
tapering. Legs slender, anterior pair broadly fringed outwardly down
to the tarsi.
Anterior wings long ; costa straight, moderately rounded on outer
third ; apex well produced. Outer margin very oblique, slightly con-
vex, very slightly scolloped between veins. Inner margin as long as
or only slightly longer than outer margin, with a hairy tooth about its
centre. The subcostal vein is 4-branched ; the ist branch rises mid-
way between the base and discal vein, and is very long ; the 2d rises
one-third of the distance from the discal vein to the apex, and throws
off two short branches to the costa ; 3rd, rises at origin of second,
and 4th at the discal vein, both going to the outer margin. The me-
dian vein is 3-branched ; 3rd median nervule distant from the origin
of 1st and 2d. An intermediate vein springs from the centre of the
oblique discal vein.
Posterior wings much shorter than the primaries ; costa more or less
convex ; apex rounded ; outer margin more or less rounded ; anal
angle distinct ; inner margin rounded, nearly as long as the outer
margin.
Colors of the primaries varying shades of grey or brown ; second-
aries usually very pale.
The home of this genus appears to be Europe. In America it is
represented by three species, which may be distinguished as follows :
* Anterior wings with no transverse lines.
Upper wings pale, with costal patch )
and dark longitudinal streak ) - - - N. Cali/ornica.
** Anterior wings with transverse lines.
With distinct discal spot - N. siragula.
Without discal spot - - N. basisiriens.
116 ZYG.ENID/E AND BOMBYCID.T:
The first of these species is from California, the other two are from
the Atlantic States ; none of them are abundant in collections.
The larvK are naked, smooth, variously humped on the back, and
tree feeders. It is only by breeding this group that the insects can
usually be obtained in numbers. Should the collector be fortunate
enough to obtain a virgin ? , he can usually obtain $ S by exposing
the ? in a muslin covered box, at night time, in the proper locality,
as the males are attracted thereby, in a manner similar to P, cecropia
and other moths of that group.
l.-NOTODONTA CALIFORNICA. (Plate 4, fig. 5) N. S.
(5 — ? . Head and prothorax pale creamy brown, the latter mar-
gined behind with blackish. Palpi dark brown. Patagia greyish
brown, mingled with dark and whitish scales, somewhat darkest on the
inner edge. Thorax same as prothorax rather darkest behind. Ab-
domen pale yellowish brown. Legs pale as is all the thorax beneath,
except the fringes of the anterior pair above, which are brownish grey.
Anterior wings very pale whitish grey, clouded with clear warm
brown at the base, along the inner margin, and on the outer margin ;
the cloud along the latter diminishing in width towards the apex; there
is also a much darker cloud on the costa, near the apex, occupying
the basal half of the subcostal interspaces, and only faintly visible
below the last subcostal nervule, but reappearing as a cloudy spot at
the base of the ist and 2d median nervules. This costal cloud is
divided by the light subcostal nervules, and its very oblique outer edge,
leaves between it and the outer marginal shade, a pale oblique band.
The outer margin is very narrowly dark brown, followed inwardly with
an equally narrow whitish line. The submedian vein is dark brown,
whitish on the basal third, and interrupted with two small whitish dots.
There is a dark brown longitudinal streak in the interspace below the
median vein, below which on the outer third is a pale wedge-shaped
dash widest at the outer margin. Fringes dark brown outwardly,
paler at the base, somewhat emarginate and whitish in the emargina-
tions, and extending along the margin to the dark long tooth. On the
inner margin they are dark, interrupted with a light dot opposite the
outer dot on the inner vein. '
Secondaries pale, very narrowly margined outwardly with dark
brown ; and with a dark brown cloud at the anal angle, enclosing a
whitish spot on its inner margin, and a pale line parallel with the outer
OK NORTH AMERICA. 117
margin and close to it. Fringes concolorous with adjacent portions
of the wing, rather darker outwardly.
Beneath, the primaries are brown, with a costal spot at the outer
third, and an apical patch whitish. Fringes dark. Secondaries as
above except that tlie cloud at the anal angle does not appear.
Expanse of ivings, $, 1.90; ?, 2.10 inches. Lenglh of body,
0.80 inch.
/^;/,/A;/_California. (Coll. Dr. Behr.)
Described from i ^ ? raised from the larva by Dr. Behr of San
Francisco, California. These two specimens are very closely allied to
A' dictiva of Europe, and it is not without hesitation that I have de-
scribed them under a new specific name. The chief points of differ-
ence are a paler tint of brown on the primaries, and a more uniform
color, the extension of the costal cloud to the median interspaces, the
much narrower and less conspicuous wedge-shaped dash at the anal
angle ; and in the posterior wings a rounded instead of produced anal
angle. The anal cloud partakes of the characters of both the allied
European species, having the white line above the fringe of N. dictcca,
and the small white spot on the inner margin of N. dictccoides. Finally
the anterior wings are not so wide in proportion to their length as in
the European species.
Larva. — Dr. Behr informs me that the larva is pale green on the
dorsal line, darker green and somewhat mottled on the sides, with
faint traces of a supra-pedal light stripe, somewhat darker than the
dorsal line, with a straight red horn on the a^ial segment. Body small
for the size of the imago, head large, rounded, the larva in appear-
ance strongly resembling that of L. camelina of Europe. This larva
is clearly different from its European allies ; and it is this decided
structural peculiarity which has induced me to give the insect a new
specific name.
118 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID^
B0MBYCID5;.
ARCTIINjE.
Genus LEPTARCTIA. (N. G.)
Head prominent ; vertex fiat, clothed with long hairs directed for-
ward between the antennae, which are moderately long, closely bipec-
tinate in 5 , subsimple in ? . Front broad hairy. Palpi long, slen-
der, projecting beyond the front nearly half their length, basal joint
clothed with long fringy hairs. Body parts smooth. Patagia small.
Abdomen slender in $ , terminating in a small anal tuft.
Anterior wings twice as long as broad. Costa straight; apex slightly
rounded; outer margin oblique, slightly convex; inner angle distinct;
inner margin straight, very convex at the base. Costal vein reaching
the costa beyond the middle ; subcostal 5-branched. 1st subcostal
short, going rapidly to the costa ; 2d rises a little beyond the discal
vein, very short ; 3d rises just beyond 2d and forks midway of its
length, both branches going to the costa ; 4th contiguous at its base to
the 3d and goes to the outer margin ; 5th rises on a short stalk at the
discal vein, which is nearly obsolete. Median vein 4-branched. ist
and 2d nervules with common origin, 3d slightly removed from 2d,
4th distant.
Secondaries triangular. Costa slightly convex; outer angle rounded;
outer margin nearly straight ; anal angle rounded ; inner margin
straight and very long. Costal vein long, united at base to the sub-
costal. Subcostal vein bifurcate at the discal vein. 3d median ner-
vule as far from the 2d as 2d from ist. Submedian vein distant long.
Internal vein long.
In the shape of the wings as well as in their coloration, this genus
shows great variation in what are undoubtedly the same species, and
appears to be extremely susceptible to local influences. Although I
suspect that Platardia modesia, Packard, belongs to this genus, and is
not properly located, the following insects cannot be referred to Pla-
larciia, which Mr. Packard describes as having the anterior wings pro-
portionally broad, and the outer margin of the secondaries parallel
with the costa. The present genus differs from Nemeophila in having
longer palpi ; the head and prothorax are more prominent ; the head
of Nemeophila is smooth and not crested in front, while the thorax
and patagia are more hairy in the latter genus. In Nemeophila two
OK NORTH AMERICA. 119
subcostal veins have their origin 'inside the discal vein, which is much
stronger, while the 2d median nervule is as far from the ist as from
the 3d. Finally, the style of ornamentation is quite different, the
anterior wings being obscure, and the posteriors destitute of discal
spots.
The present genus includes insects of most difficult specific deter-
mination. After an examination of over sixty specimens I have de-
cided to describe what appear to be three distinct forms, although I
am by no means certain that subsequent investigation will not prove
them all variations of the same insect. At present we merely know
that these insects are all found in the same localities, on both sides of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and very widely distributed over the
Pacific Coast from Northern Oregon to Central California, and perhaps
even further southward; the home of the genus, judging from the
size and color of the specimens, being Oregon. The three species into
which I have divided the specimens before me are clearly marked,
though differing considerably even among themselves; but the circum-
stances under which they are found, and their extreme variability,
strongly incline me to the belief that they are one and the same species,
.although the fact is not yet proved. Should they prove to be identical
Z. Lena must be retained as the specific name and the other forms
noted as varieties.
Boisduval describes three varieties of this genus, two of them from
individual specimens, as belonging to Lithosia (!) and includes with
them in the same' genus two species of Cisthene, though he subse-
quently says the three former "should perhaps be placed in a new
genus near Nemeophila !" Such careless work is greatly to be regret-
ted from the pen of the great entomologist, for if they were near
Nemeophila, as they undoubtedly are, it would have been far better to
include them in that genus, than in one with which they have no rela-
tion whatever. And here it may not be out of place to say, that so
far as Boisduval's writings relate to Californian Bombycidaj, they are
totally unreliable and liable to produce confusion, rather than to re-
move it. Many insects are included the occurrence of which there is
much reason to doubt, and many species well known to American
entomologists are described under new names.
The three species may be tabulated as follows :
Lower wings red - - - Z. decia.
Lower wings yellow - - - - Z. Una.
Lower wings black - - - - Z. dimidiata.
120 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBVCID^
1 — LEPTARCTIA LENA. (PI. 5, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16.)
Lithosia kna, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p. 73 (1868-9).
Lithosia adnata, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p 73 (1868-9).
5 $ . — Head and its appendages brownish black. Patagia, thorax
and abdomen brownish black, the latter pale beneath and with a red-
dish lateral stripe. There is a narrow whitish line on the outside of
the prothorax, a narrow whitish line on the patagia, and a few whitish
scales on the vertex, sometimes more or less obsolete. Legs dusky,
inside of femora pinkish, inside of tibiae and tarsi yellowish.
Anterior wings dusky brown, crossed by three very obscure, irregu-
lar darker lines, basal, median and submarginal, frequently scarcely
discernible. There is also a distinct whitish spot on the costa opposite
the discal vein, an outer smaller costal spot of the same color, one at
the anal angle, one on the inner margin, and a slender whitish streak
at the base of the wing beneath the median vein. Fringes concolorous
(see fig. 16). Sometimes a portion of the spots are obsolete (figs. 3
and 5) sometimes they are supplemented by a few smaller dots (fig.
11), without however greatly altering the appearance of the insect.
Posterior wings yellow, with a broad marginal band of black spots,
sometimes distinctly isolated, sometimes partially fused (fig. 11),
sometimes completely fused into an unbroken band (figs. 3 and 5).
In some specimens there are traces of a blackish median band more
or less complete (fig. 11), the inner margin and base being also fre-
quently blackish, and from these specimens a regular gradation may
be found until there remains of the yellow color, only a narrow me-
dian band (fig. 13). This obliteration of the yellow by the encroach-
ment of the black, is confined chiefly to the 6 , the secondaries of the
$ being unusually largely yellow.
Beneath, the primaries are yellowish, rather paler outwardly, dusky
along the inner margin and at the apex, the apical cloud enclosing a
small light costal spot. The secondaries usually are marked as above,
but somewhat paler in color. Sometimes all the wings are crossed by
a dark median band (fig. 14), sometimes the band is obsolete on the
secondaries (fig. 4), sometimes it appears only as spots on the prima-
ries (fig. 12), and frequently nothing remains except a dark spot on
the costa of each wing (fig. 6). The gradations between these forms
are innumerable, as scarcely any two specimens are exactly alike, and
I have examined upwards of sixiy.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 121
A variety of the 5 occurs in which all the parts which are yellow
in the type, have a pale whitish tinge. It appears to be confined to
specimens in which the dark colors preponderate as in fig. 13.
Expanse 0/ ivings, $, i.i5toi.30, ? 1.30 to 1.45 inches. Letigth
of body, 0.45 to 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Edwards, Stretch, Behr, Behrens.) Nevada
(Edwards), Oregon (Lord Walsingham).
A widely distributed insect, not uncommon where it is found, but
somewhat local. It flies during the hot sunshine, in wooded districts
in May. Boisduval's Lithosia Una and L. adnata are founded on va-
rieties of this species. The former name is retained as having a wider
range. I strongly suspect that Pltaarctia inodesta, Packard, is one of
the many varieties of this species, although a specimen forwarded to
Dr. Packard was returned with the query, "what is it.-*" That it is
congeneric is, I think, beyond doubt, as the peculiar thoracic markings
are minutely given in the diagnosis of P. modesta.
The wonderful variations of this species, show how necessary it is
to have a long series of many insects before it is possible to determine
the limits of the species. It is possible to select three or four types of
the insect under consideration, so unlike each other, that in the ab-
sence of the intermediate gradations they might readily be considered
specifically distinct ; it was indeed a long time before I could satisfy
myself of their identity, especially as the shape of the primaries is b)'
no means constant, but the past summer has supplied so many inter-
mediate links that there can no longer be any reasonable doubt.
2.-LEPTARCT1A DECIA. (PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 15.)
Lithoiia decia, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p. 72
(1868-9).
6 . — Head and its appendages brownish black. Patagia, thorax
and abdomen brownish black, the latter with a reddish lateral stripe.
There is a narrow whitish line on the outside of the prothorax, a nar-
row whitish line on the patagia, and a few whitish scales on the vertex,
sometimes more or less obsolete. Legs dusky, inside of femora pink-
ish, inside of tibiae and tarsi yellowish.
Anterior wings reddish brown, sprinkled with grey scales, and
crossed by three obscure, irregular darker lines, one subbasal, one
median and the third submaririnal. There is also a distinct whitish
122 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID.K
spot on the costa opposite the discal vein, an outer smaller costal spot
of the same color, one at the anal angle (often obsolete), one on the
inner margin, and a slender whitish streak at the base of the wing be-
neath the median vein. Fringes concolorous.
Posterior wings bright orange red, dusky on the inner margin, with
a broad blackish outer margin, which shows a tendency to break up
into spots in many specimens. Fringes yellowish.
Beneath, all the wings are yellow, suffused with scarlet towards the
base. On the posteriors the markings are reproduced only more
dimly ; on the primaries the costa is whitish, and the apex and outer
margin show a dusky cloud, enclosing a light costal spot near the
apex.
$ . — Similar to the 3 above, except that the secondaries are redder,
while the base of the wings is largely blackish, and the black outer
marginal band is produced along the costa to the base. Fringes of
secondaries dusky. Beneath, the wings are entirely red, with faint
orange tinges, the costa, apex, inner and outer margins being dusky
brown, on the primaries. On the secondaries the black at the base
disappears, otherwise the markings are as above, but of a brownish
hue. In some Oregon specimens, all the shades are more intense
(fig. 15), the whitish spots are fused into a whitish transverse band,
while the secondaries are more largely and intensely black. Beneath,
the primaries are as previously described, except that the margins of
the wing are black instead of brown ; and the secondaries are so
largely black, that the red color is reduced to a few broken 'median
spots.
Expanse of wings, $ 1.15, ? 1.50 inches. Length of body, 0.45 to
0.50 inch.
Habitat. — Oregon (Lord Walsingham). California, (Edwards,
Stretch.)
Boisduval's description of Lithosia decia corresponds very well with
the insect described above, and I have no hesitation in retaining his
specific name. This species appears to be common in Oregon, as
evidenced by the long suite taken by Lord Walsingham, to whom I
am indebted for the specimen figured on Plate 5, fig. 15. In Califor-
nia it is less abundant than either of its two allies, though like them
widely distributed. Of its transformations nothing is known. The
perfect insect appears in May, is single brooded, and not difficult to
OF NORTH AMERICA. 123
take on the wing. It flies in tlie hot sunshine from ten to three
o'clock.
3.— LEPTARCTIA. DIMIDIATA. N. S. (PI. 5, fig. 7, 8, 9, 10.)
$, . — Head and its appendages black. Patagia, thorax and abdomen
black, the latter with faint traces of a red lateral line. There is a nar-
rovv whitish line in the outside of the prothorax, a narrow whitish line
on the patagia and a few whitish scales on the vertex, sometimes more
or less obsolete. Legs black, inside of femora rose colored.
Anterior wings smoky black, with four small whitish spots, the
largest on the costa opposite the discal vein, the second midway be-
tween it and the apex, the third near the anal angle, the fourth being
a narrow longitudinal streak under the median vein at the base of the
wing. The smallest of these spots are often obsolete ; there are often
several additional minute dots on the apical half, and not unfre-
quently the spots are increased to a diffuse, irregular, transverse me-
dian band as in fig. 9. Fringes varying from dirty white to black.
Posterior wings black, darker than the primaries, immaculate, or
with a small reddish discal dot. Fringes as on primaries.
Beneath the anterior wings are largely black at the base, with a black
apical cloud narrowly produced along the outer margin, enclosing a
small yellowish costal dot. The central portion of the wing is yellow-
ish (fig. S) or tinged with scarlet towards the base (fig. 9), but the
yellow type is the more frequent. Secondaries entirely black. The
coloration is more constant beneath than above.
? unknown.
Expanse of ivings, 1.15 to 1.25 inches. Length of body, 0.45 inch.
Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Stretch.)
This species is not infrequent in the mountains both north and south
of San Francisco; it is more abundant than L. Decia, but not so com-
mon as L. Lena, though found on the wing in company with, and
generally in the same localities as the latter. Out of about forty speci-
mens belonging to this genus taken in the same spot, and at the same
time, about twenty per cent, were referable to the present species, all
the remainder to L. lena. Like its congeners it is found in open
wooded localities where the underbrush is thick, and probably feeds
on low herbaceous plants.
124
ZYG.ENIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
6— ARCTIA ACHAIA. (Pi. 5, figs. 17-21.) *
Arctia achaia, Grote, Tran. Am. Ent. Soc. vol. i, p. 334. PI. 6, fig.
45 5,46 ?. (1868.)
Chelonia Achaia, Boisduval, Lep. Cal. p. 76. (1868-9.)
3 . — Type. PI. 5, fig. 19. Plead between the eyes, pale yellowish
buft'. Labial palpi brownish black ; eyes encircled with brownish
black. Antennae rather short, bipectinate, brownish black. "Collar"
pale yellowish buff, with lateral black stripes behind the antennae.
Patagia black, fringed with pale yellowish buff ; a central thoracic
black stripe ; the upper surface of the thorax (including the patagia)
may thus be described as pale yellowish buff with three longitudinal
black stripes. Beneath, the under thoracic surface and legs are black-
ish brown ; the longer lateral hairs below the insertion of the wing are
yellowish. Abdomen yellowish, blackish at the base. A broad black
dorsal line, and a lateral row of small black spots. Beneath paler
with two rows of small black transverse spots. Anal tuft black with
a few yellowish hairs.
Anterior wings velvety black, the veins narrowly clothed with pale
yellowish scales, as is also the costa. A broad, pale yellowish buff,
longitudinal stripe, runs from the base of the wing below the median
vein, to the internal angle where it forks, the branches reaching the
outer margin and resting on the tips of the fourth median and sub-
median veins. A broad, similarly colored, sub-basal transverse band,
spreading on the costal and internal margins, sometimes partially (fig.
10) and sometimes entirely obsolete (tig. 20). A narrow transverse,
median, similarly colored band, usually constricted below the longi-
tudinal stripe. A third transverse stripe, parallel with the outer mar-
gin, not seen below the longitudinal streak, and enclosing between it
and the median band a wedge-shaped spot. Finally the usual arctian
stripe making with the upper fork of the longitudinal stripe the letter
W. Internal margin and fringes pale yellowish buff. Beneath as
above, but less clearly marked. All the markings above are liable to
great variation in color, being sometimes as described, sometimes
creamy white, or ochreous or even rosy pink.
Posterior wings clear orange red marked as follows with black. A
large basal patch, divided by a broad stripe medially and edged out-
* See p. 73, Ante.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 125
wardly by the long yellowish fringes. A squarish spot on the discal
vein, and three large submarginal spots, one near the apex, one near
the anal angle, and the third intermediate. In addition to these, the
apical half of the costa, and the outer margin are continuously black,
the marginal band being toothed between the submarginal spots, and
separated from them b}- ver)' narrow spaces. Fringes yellowish. This
pattern of ornamentation seems to be the most frequent, but no two
specimens are exactly alike, and the black markings coalesce in every
conceivable way, until all that remains of the ground color of the
wings, is a median band with narrow rivulations running into the
general black tint. In these dark colored specimens (fig. 20) the
orange tint generally disappears and the color is deep red. Grote's
figure and description of the $ appear to be drawn from an individual
with a very small proportion of black on the posterior wings, the basal
patch being obliterated, or rather represented by two median spots.
Out of numerous specimens, I have seen but one which corresponds
with this form, and it certainly cannot be considered typical. Except
in very dark specimens, the black markings are usually edged very
narrowly with ochreous.
? . — In marking the $ resembles the $ , though it is notably larger
and the costa of the anterior wings is more convex. The markings
on the primaries are frequently more intense in color, and the second-
aries vary from ochreous red to scarlet, while at the same time the
black markings show less tendency to coalesce. Fig. 17 shows a
variety in which the markings of the primaries are largely obsolete,
and the black spots on the secondaries have undergone partial coali-
tion. Grote's figure of the ? conveys a very good idea of the insect,
though rather too small.
Var. (PI. 5, fig. 21.) ochracea. A very strongly marked variety
of the 3 occurs in which the posterior wings are clear ochre-yellow.
Expanse of wings, $, 1.65 ? 1.80 inches. Length 0/ bod}\ $, 0.80
? 0.80 inch.
ZTai^zi'a/.— California. (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, Stretch.)
Larva. — Body black, with a double dorsal line, somewhat waved,
dull reddish. Spines light brown, approaching to chestnut, paler at
the tips, soft and silky in appearance. Feet and underside flesh color.
Feeds on Trifolium, Erodium, Viola and Plantago.
Pupa. — Pale brown, covered with bluish effloresence, similar to
Catocula. Enclosed in very thin web, drab or stone color, through
126 ZYGiENIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
which the chrysalis is distinctly seen. Larva found March lo ; pupa,
March 26; imago, May 16. (Henry Edwards.)
The insect appears to be widely distributed over California, though
not common in the immediate neighborhood of San Francisco. The
imago appears in May and comes freely to light.
T.-ARTICA VIRGO. (PI. 6, figs. 1, 2, 3 .)
Bombyx virgo, Linn., Syst. Nat. loth Ed. vol. i, p. 501. (1758.)
Phaloena virgo, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Ga. p. 123, Tab. 62. (1797.)
Euplagia virgo, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schm. 2 pi. 189.. (1806.)
Verz. p. 180. (1816.)
Ardia virgo, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. p. ']i. (1835.)
Ardia virgo, Duncan, Nat. Lib. vol. 36, pi. 19. (1836.)
Callimorpha parthenico, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. vol. 4, P- 204. (1837.)
Ardia virgo, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass. p. 244. (184 1.)
Ardia virgo, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. vol. 3, p. 608. (1855.)
Artica virgo, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 528. (i860.)
Ardia virgo, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. ^■^%. (1862.)
Ardia par thenice, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 339. (1862.)
Ardia parthenice, Saunders, Proc. Eht. Soc. Phil. vol. 2, p. 28.
(1863.)
Ardia parthenice, Saunders, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 5. (1863.)
Ardia virgo, Saunders, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 6. (1863.)
Ardia virgo, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 115. (1864.)
Ardia parthenice, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 116.
(1864.)
Arctia virgo, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 325, pi. 4, fig.
4. (1864.)
5 . ? . — Head, prothorax, patagia and thorax pale flesh color.
The prothorax has two black spots ; the thorax a central black streak,
and the patagia are also black centrally. The palpi, thorax beneath
and under side of the abdomen are black. The abdomen above is
clear red with a dorsal series of black spots, most conspicuous in 5 .
Legs generally black except the tibae of the posterior pair, which are
frequently whitish.
OK NORTH AMERICA. 121
Anterior wings deep velvety black, all the veins diffusely striped
with flesh color, which also prevails round the entire margin of the
wings, most conspicuously so in the $ . From the base of the wing,
below the median vein, a broad flesh-colored stripe runs to the external
margin, becoming distinctly furcate above the internal angle, and upon
which, in the terminal half of the wing, rests a series of identically
colored bands resembling the letter K with the straight stroke turned
towards the base of the wing and bent, and the upper limb attaining
the outer margin below the apex, and thence reflected to the costa
between the transverse band and the apex ; a broad straight band
crosses the disc from the costa to the median vein, sometimes apparent
in the interspace below the latter. The color of the foregoing markings
varies from flesh color to dirty yellowish white, and they are broadest
and most conspicuous in $ .
The posterior wings are red, of a more or less pinkish shade, some-
times inclining to orange. They are marked with black spots, which
vary considerably in size and number. When all present they are
eight in number (fig. i), viz. : one on the costa; a median row of three,
consisting of a discal spot, one at the base of the 4th median, and
one on the sub-median vein ; and an outer row of four, consisting of
one irregular fused spot at the apex, one on the 2d median, one on the
4th median, and one at the anal angle on the sub-median vein. The
latter varies greatly in size in both sexes though always present ; the
costal spot and the inner spot of the median row are often absent,
reducing the number to six ; and the spots are generally larger and
more intense in color in the ? . The black spots are sometimes very
narrowly edged with yellow ochre, more clearly so in $ than ? .
Expanse of wings, i. 90-2. 50 inches. Length of body, 0.80-0. 90 inch.
Habitat. — Canada (Saunders). Eastern, Western and Southern States
(Coll. generally).
Larva. — The following description is drawn up from a living larva
kindly sent me by Wm. Saunders, Esq., of Ontario, Canada, as the
larva of Arctia parthenice. Length, i| inches. Head moderately
large, bilobed, dark brown. Prolegs brown, abdominal legs dirty flesh
color. Body deep rich blackish brown, almost black, rather paler
beneath, with a narrow dorsal dirty flesh colored stripe, and the stigmata
deep clear yellow. Body with six rows of prominent flesh-colored or
yellowish tubercles on each side of the dorsal line, each tubercle
carrying a bunch of radiate unequal stiff hairs. Row one is small,
128 ZYG^NID^E AND BOMBYCIDyE
round, placed on the front edge of each segment close to the dorsal
line and carries black hairs; row two is larger ovate, placed transversely
somewhat behind row one, and carries black hairs. These two rows
are obsolete on segments i, 2, 3 and 12. Row three is prominent,
placed longitudinally, and carries mixed black and brown hairs, being
obsolete on segment one. Rows four and five are prominent, carry
reddish brown hairs and are obsolete on segment 12. Row six imme-
diately above the feet, carries reddish brown hairs, and is present on all
the segments. Segments 4, 5, 10 and 1 1 have each four small ventral
tubercles carrying short hairs, and segment 12 has two. A few of the
hairs of the anal segment are much longer than the others. Saunders
states that the " larva hybernates when partly grown, and completes its
growth the following spring. It feeds readily on lamb's quarter
{Chenopodiutu album) or even grass." The imago appears from May
to August (Packard), and is not a rare insect.
In relation to the mooted question of what insect was described by
Kirby under the name of Callmorpha parihenice, I quote as follows
from the pen of Mr. Grote, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 324,)
believing the position there taken to be tenable : " Until Kirby in
1837 described, without figuring his Callimorpha parlhetiice, no second
species nearly allied in coloration and ornamentation to Arciia virgo
Linn, had been suspected by authors. Since Kirby wrote, this species
has been sought for by Entomologists in a form of A. virgo, in which
the series of spots on the posterior wings show a dilTerence of size or
position. I have elsewhere stated that I consider A. parthenice of
authors as identical with A. virgo Linn., and since rearing imagos of
both sexes from larvoe kindly sent me by Mr. William Saunders as the
larvse oS. A. parthenice, I see no reason for altering my opinion. While
I have little hesitation in referring A. parthenice of Messrs. Saunders
and Packard to A. virgo Linn., I am not so certain that C. parthenice
of Kirby should be similarly referred. This author's description of
the anterior wings equally applies to A. virgo Linn, with A. Saundersii
Grote, and it is on the anterior wings more especially that I have seized
upon a character which I believe is specific and will readily distinguish
the latter species, viz.: the linearity of the stripes on the veins Kirby's
description of the posterior wings, as well perhaps as the given expanse,
would indicate A. Sau7idersii as the species intended, for in all my
specimens the discal spots are absent and there are but five terminal
spots, the expanse being \\ to i| inches, Kirby giving die latter
OF NORTH AMERICA. 129
measurement, while the discal spots are ahvas present in my sj)ecimens
of A. virgo Linn., and but few expand less than 2 inches.''
"While, therefore, there is a probabilit}' that A. Saundersii \\a.ii the
species intended by Kirby, the unsatisfactory diagnosis, which contains
no comparative allusion to Linnaeus' species, renders it a matter of
uncertainty, and I prefer to refer Kirby 's description to A. virgo L. ,
and to retain the name under which I have described it, for the second
smaller species" i^A. Saundersii).
130 ZYG.ENID.'E AND BOMBYCIDjr,
BOSIBYCIDS.
AUCTIIN^.
Genus SPILOSOMA. Stephens.
Body parts stout ; wings ample. Head and thoracic parts clothed
with long hairs, obliterating the component parts. Head sunk in pro-
thorax, scarcely visible from above. Eyes large ; front long, rather
narrow, tapering. Antennre of moderate length, closely and evenly
bipectinate in 5 , serrated or simple in $ , each of the pectinations
terminating in a strong seta. Palpi exceeding the front, porrect, sub-
ascendant, hairy at the base; terminal joint short. Abdomen stout,
rather smooth, extending slightly beyond the hind wings. Legs stout,
femora hairy ; anterior tibiae with long curved spur, closely appressed ;
middle tibiie with two, hind tibiae with four spurs at or near the apex
of the joint.
Anterior wings twice as long as broad ; co.sta nearly straight, apex
rounded ; outer margin hardly oblique, slightly rounded ; anal angle
rounded, ist subcostal nervule rises interior to the discal vein ; 2d
and 3d go to the costa, the latter furcate at the tip ; 4th continues from
the origin of 3d to the outer margin ; 5th arises on a short stalk at the
origin of the discal vein, which is strongly angulated. Origin of the
ist and 2d median nervules slightly removed from the 3d.
Posterior wings full, with both the angles and the outer margin
rounded. Costa slightly convex.
The colors of the genus are usually white or yellowish, with occa-
sionally a few small black or brown markings. It. has a wide geo-
graphical range. In America it is represented by four species, which
may be tabulated as follows :
Anterior coxcc red.
Wings immaculate, costa convex - - 6". Jatipennis.
Wings spotted with black, costa straight - - S. vesialis.
Anterior coxa; yellow.
Wings white, a few black dots - - ^. virginica.
Wings white, brown markings - - - S. cojigrtia.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 131
1 -SPILOSOMA VIEGINICA, (PI. 6, fig. 6 $ .)
Bombvx virginica, Fabr.
Arclia virginica, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. Hitch, Rt. )). 591. (1833.)
Arctiavirginica, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 248. (1841).
Spliosoma virginica. Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. vol. 3, p. 668. (1855.)
Spilosoma virginica^ Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. N. Y. (1856.)
Spilosoma virginica, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 531.
(i860.)
Spilosoma virginica, Morris, Sym. Lep. N.Am. App. p. 342. (1862).
Arctia virginica, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed. fig. 168, larva 167.
(1862.)
Spilosoma virginica, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct. p. 14. (1863.)
Spliosoma virginica. Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 125.
(I864.)
Spi/osoma virginica, Riley, 3rd Rep. Ins. Mo. p. 68, fig. 28, a.
larva, b Pupa, c. imago. (1871.)
S. ?. — Head, prothorax, patagia and thorax, white, hairy, less
so than in S. vestalis. Palpi white tinged with yellow beneath. Ab-
domen and thorax white beneath, the former orange yellow above,
(except the last segment which is white) with a dorsal and lateral row
of black spots. Legs white, tarsi sub-annulate with black, coxo^ and
femora of the anterior pair inwardly orange yelknv, with a black dot
at the base of the coxse, another on the inside of the femora, the hips
of the latter and the anterior edge of the tibiae being also touched
with black.
Wings pure white above and beneath. On the primaries there are
two minute black dots, one at the base of the 3rd median nervule,
and one between it and the margin. The secondaries have three
larger black dots, one discal, one near the anal angle and one near
the apex. These spots are seldom all present, those which are most
frequently present being the discal dot on the primaries, and the anal
spot on the secondaries. lieneath, the discal spot on the anterior
wings is usually visible, while on the posterior wings the discal spot
is more conspicuous and that at the anal angle is nearly always clearly
defined.
Expanse of Wings, i. 70-1 .90 inches : length (t/* ^;^v 0.70 inch.
Habitat — Eastern States generally. California.^ (Coll. Stretch.)
Larva. — The following description is taken from Harris Ent. Corr.
132 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID.E
p. 287. " Body cylindical, tuberculated, above straw colored with a
lateral black line connected with transverse dorsal ones dividing the
segments. Tubercles straw colored with black points and bundles of
divaricating, pale straw colored hairs intermingled with a few black
ones. Tubercles twelve on each segment, four dorsal and four lateral
on each side, the lowest three approximated and situated beneath the
stigma, which last is also beneath the lateral black lines, and just
above the lateral fold. This fold is of a pale sulphureous color.
Body beneath, and intermediate prolegs black. Head, feet, and
prolegs and tips of the others pale ochreous. The tubercles are not
situated in one transverse line, but of the dorsal ones the two upper
are in front of the others ; the upper lateral tubercle is above and in
front of the spiracle, and the three under ones beneath and behind it.
The hairs are of moderate length, and all barbed. Some larvae of a
dark rust color, with chestnut colored hairs also produced the same
insect. ? .?"
Cocoon of silk interwoven with hairs. All the hairs are not used, so
that the larva appears to be clothed with a few short ones. Riley
says that but little silk is used in its construction, and that the hairs
are held in place chiefly by their numerous barbs.
Pupa. — " Chestnut brown, darker behind. Three dilated furrows
surround the middle of the posterior half Tail blunt conic, termin-
ated by a number of straight adminicula, abruptly ending in a hook
at their apices.'
These larvae, popularly known as " Yellow bears,"' feed on a great
variety of plants. Harris mentions the plantain, and Riley enumer-
ates the grape-vine, butternut, lilac, beans, peas, convolvulus, corn,
currant, gooseberry, cotton, sunflower, verbenas, geranium, etc., and
that they are even carnivorous. The last author also states that there
are two broods each year, the broods intermixing, and the last passing
the winter in the chrysalis state. The imago appears on the wing
from May to August, and is one of the commonest species. (Riley
and Harris.)
While this insect is undoubtedly most at home east of the Rocky
Mountains, I have one imperfect specimen taken in California by Mr.
Lorquin, which I am unable to separate by any good specific charac-
ters from the insect under consideration. Its imperfect condition does
not admit of a sadsfactory comparison, but it differs principally in the
number of spots on the posterior wings, where the anal and apical
dots have each a supplementary dot, faintly visible above but clearly
OF NORTH AMERICA. 133
marked beneath, making a submarginal row of four spots, with a fifth
less strongly marked near the costa. I have yet to see an eastern
specimen exhibiting this coloration, but in the absence of knowledge
of the preparatory stages I have deemed it best for the present, to
refer the specimen to S. virginica. S. virginica is abundantly separ-
ated from S. vestalis and latipennis by the color of the anterior legs, as
well as by the want of the silvery gloss on the wings of the two latter
species. Its nearest ally is S. uriiac of Europe, which wants the
black spots on the secondaries and is much less purely white, while
the body is shorter and stouter with the black dorsal spots less strongly
marked.
2-SPILOSOMA LATIPENNIS, N. s (PI. 6, fig. 5., $ )
?, White. Head, thorax and patagia white. Eyes black. Palpi
brownish, white beneath. Legs white, with the coxa and femora of
the anterior pair bright pink inwardly ; tibiaa and tarsi of the same pair
black inwardly, white outwardly.
All the wings are pure silky white, immaculate. The costa of the
primaries is decidedly convex from the base to the apex.
Expanse of Wings, ? 1.75 inches ; length of body, 0.70 inch.
Habitat. — -Atlantic States (Angus.) (Coll. Stretch.)
Described from one imperfect broken ? (wanting the body) re-
ceived from Mr. James Angus, of West Farm, N Y. , without any
definite locality attached to the specimen. The specimen, though
broken, is clearly not to be referred to any North American species
hitherto described. While the red coxas show its relationship to S.
vestalis the convex costa, which makes the wings proportionately
broad, and the slenderer, less hair thorax, abundantly separate it
from that species. From S. virginica it may be distinguished not only
by the color of the anterior coxce, but by the peculiar glossy, silky
shade of the wings, which in this respect more resemble S. vestalis.
From ^S". congrua it is separated by the immaculate wings.
3-SPLIOSOMA VESTALIS, (PI. 6, fig. 7 5.8 ? .)
Spilosoma vestalis, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p.
(1864.)
<5 . White. Heail, prothorax. thorax and patagia white
densely clothed with long hairs, so that the individual parts are not
134 ZYG.EXID.E AND BOMBYCID.E
clearly distinguishable. Eyes black. Palpi brownish black. An-
tennas white, pectinations black, Abdomen white, with a lateral row
of black spots, clothed with long hairs above, which almost obscure a
series of dusky transverse markings. Legs white, tarsi dusky ; the
anterior pair have the coxce and femora clothed with bright red hairs
inwardly, while the tibiae and tarsi are black on the front edge.
Anterior wings pure silky white, with the cosia very straight, and
four indistinct transverse rows of very minute black dots, many of
which are frequently wanting. The ist is basal and generally con-
sists of three dots, one on the costa, one on the median, and one on
the submedian vein ; the 2nd consists of four dots, one of which lies
at the base of the 4th median nervule ; the 3rd row lies across the
nervules and consists of geminate spots on each nervule ; the 4th is
submarginal and very indistinct.
The posterior wings are also pure silky white, with a discal dot,
and traces of a submarginal row all black, the latter being indicated
by a dot near the anal angle, and another on the outer margin near
the apex, both of the latter being sometimes supplemented with minor
dots. The three principal dots are larger than any on the anterior
wings.
Beneath pure white ; the principal black dots present, being two on
the costa and one on the discal vein on the primaries ; one on the
costa, one on the discal vein and one near the anal angle on the
secondaries.
? . The female resembles the male except that it is larger, with
fewer black dots on the wings, and wants the long white hair on the
abdomen, which consequently shows the four black transverse bands,
and the black central spot on the terminal segment very distinctly.
Expanse of Wings, $ 1.75 ? 1.90 inches; letjgth of body, i 0.70
? C.80 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Stretch, Strecker,
Mus. Comp. Z06I. Cambridge. )
This beautiful species does not appear to be rare in the neighbor-
hood of San Francisco where it is found in May. The larva feeds on
a species of Echinocistus, and though common, is exceedingly diffi-
cult to raise, as they almost always die about the third moulting. In
its early stages the larva has a general olive greenish tint, as I am
informed by Mr. H. Edwards. The imago is frequently attracted by
the house and street lights.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 135
3-HALESIDOTA SOBRINA, N. S. (PI. 6, fig, 10 i .)*
S . Head, palpi, prothorax, thorax and legs clear brown. Abdo-
men paler. Antennce strongly pectinated, rather paler than thorax.
Anterior wings uniform clear brown, the veins paler, with five more
or less complete oblique rows of white silvery spots. The ist row
consists of I spot on the costa near the base. The 2nd of 2 spots
below the median vein. The 3rd of 4 spots, one near the costa, very
small ; one on the discal area, large ; one at the origin of the fourth
median nervule, small ; and one in the interspace below the median
vein, rather smaller than the second. The 4th row consists of 5 sub-
equal, ovate, transverse, interspaceal spots, reaching the costa. The
5th row consists of 6 smaller, interspaceal, submarginal spots, dimin-
ishing in size from the anal angle to the apex.
Posterior wings subdiaphanous, nearly white, with a pale brown
spot on the discal vein, and a small brown apical cloud. Costa
slightly yellowish.
Beneath much as above, except that the markings of the primaries
are less distinct, and the costa of the secondaries is brown, enclosing
a pale costal spot.
Expanse of Wings, 1.95 inches; knglh of body, 0.80 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Stretch.)
Described from one 3 , collected by Mr. Lorquin, some years
since, but in what particular locality he does not remember. It may
be readily distinguished from H. argenta/a by the uniform dark brown
of the body parts, and by the pale veins and absence of yellowish
powdery scales on the primaries.
4-HALESIDOTA AEGENTATA, (PI. 6, fig. 12. ? ,)
Halesidota argentata, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, p. 129.
(1864^)
(5 . $ . — -Head and prothorax very pale yellowish ochre, the latter
with two small brown spots. Patagia same edged inwardly with brown.
Thorax the same with brown median stripe. Palpi brown, pale at
the tips and beneath. Abdomen concolorous with thorax, quite pale,
* See page 87, ante.
13G zyg^nid.t: and bombycid.i-:
stigmata dark brown, a ventral and two sub-ventral rows of pale brown
spots. Legs pale yellow ochre mottled with brown.
Anterior wings clear brown finely dusted in the interspaces with
pale yellow ochre, which color also prevails in the brown fringes, at
the tips of the nervules. Five yellowish costal spots, each belonging
to a transverse oblique band of large silvery white spots. Band i is
submarginal, consisting of seven interspaceal sub-equal spots, and is
very regular ; band 2, crossing the origin of the median nervules,
consists of seven spots, the last being on the inner margin, the 3rd
spot is very small, the 4th somewhat larger, the ist, 2nd, 5th and 6th
large and conspicuous ; band 3 consists of three spots, ist on discal
area, 2nd and 3rd fused to spots 5 and 6 of band 2 ; band 4 is sub-
basal, consisting of four or five minor spots ; band 5 is not well
defined, the base of the wing being mottled with many small spots.
Posterior wings nearly white, thin, with faint brown spot on the
discal vein and a small apical cloud of the same color.
Beneath much as above, though paler, especially at the base of the
primaries. There is also a dark costal spot on the secondaries not
seen above.
Expanse of Wings, 5 2.00 ? 2. 30 inches; length of body, 0.80
o. 90 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Behr. Behrens, Mus. Comp. Zool.
Camb. )
Described from one 5 $ in the collection of Dr. Behr, of San
Francisco, raised from larva found feeding on pine leaves in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, near Grass Valley. Of these I unfortunately
have no description, but they were dark brown, somewhat resembling
the larva of H. Edwardsii. Mr. H. Edwards also found a larva in
Yosemite Valley, which died before reaching maturity, apparently
belonging to the same species, while the original type was collected
by Mr. Agassiz in the Gulf of Georgia, so that the species will be seen
to have a wide range, and is apparently a mountain insect, differing in
this respect from H. Agassizii and H. Edivardsii, which are common
in the valleys. The specie is well marked and not likely to be mis-
taken for any other, without it might be H. Sobrina (q. v.) From this
it may be easily separated by the light colored body parts marked on
the thorax with dark brown. These in the latter species are uniformly
dark brown.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 37
5-HALESIDOTA TESSELLARIS, (Pi. 6, fig. 9, ? .)
Phahr?ia iesselhiris, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 149.
(I797-)
Halesidola iessellaris, Hiibn, Verz. p. 170. (1816.)
Arclia iessellaris, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. Hitchcocks' Rt. p. 592.
(1833)
Halesidola Iessellaris, Hiibn. Geyer's Forts. Hiibn. Zutr. Dritt.
Hund. p. 34, fig. 939. 940. (1837.)
Lophocampa Iessellaris, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass. p. 260. (1841.)
Halesidola Iessellaris, Walk. ,' Cat. Lep. B. M. V. p. 732. (1855.)
Halesidola Iessellaris, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 534.
(i860.)
Halesidola Iessellaris, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 348.
(1863.)
Halesidola Iessellaris, Sounders, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 19. (1863.)
Halesidola antiphola, Walsh, Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. IX, p. 288.
(1864.)
Halesidola Iessellaris, Va-ck., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 128
(1864.)
Halesidola antipJwla, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 128
(1864.)
Halesidola Harrisii, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 430.
(1864.)
S . ? . — Head prothorax and patagia pale yellow ochre, the latter
narrowly edged inwardly with blueish green. Thorax and abdomen
above darker, beneath paler. Legs concolorous with thorax.
Anterior wings subdiaphanous, very thinly scaled, very pale ochre-
ous, with five irregular, slightly darker, somewhat dusky bands, very
narrowly and neatly edged with black. The ist band is sub basal,
reaching only to the sub-median vein ; the 2nd lies across the base of
the fourth median nervulc, reaches from the costato the inner margin,
and is somewhat sinuate in the discal area ; the 3rd is on the discal
vein and reaches only from the costa to the median vein ; the 4th is
submarginal, sinuate, somewhat widest on the inner margin which is
reached at the anal angle ; the 5th is marginal with an irregular inner
edge, and diminishes in width from the apex to anal angle.
Secondaries immaculate, nearly white, suffused with pale ochre on
the inner maro:in.
138 ZYG.liXID.'E AND BOMBYCID.E
Beneath as above, except that the markings on the primaries are
very indistinct.
Expanse of Wings, 1.90 inches; leiigih of body, 0.70 inch.
^Z(^?'/^/.— Atlantic and Western States. (Coll. generally.) Canada.
(Saunders.)
Larva. — Head black, polished, the mouth varied with white. Body
opaque, black above, pale on the venter, covered above with dense
hairs proceeding from little warts in evenly shorn brushes or tufts,
which are dorsally a little darker, and vary in color in different
specimens from dirty whitish or occasionally almost pure white to
fuscous cinereous, and from pale gamboge-yellowish to ochre-yellow-
ish and pale yellowish-brown, the brushes on the back converging so
as to form a dense dorsal ridge. On the 2nd segment behind the
head one lateral black pencil and two milk-white ones under it, all
transversely arranged, the black pencils generally in repose directed
horizontally forwards. On the 3rd segment one lateral black pencil
and one milk-white one under it, directed obliquely forward. On
the I nil segment one lateral black pencil directed obliquely back-
wards, and on the 12th segment one less obvious pencil, which is
either whitish or the color of the tufts of the body, placed immediately
behind the black pencil on the iith segment, and often with a few
long black hairs above it. Besides the pencils, there are also some
long whitish hairs projecting forwards over the head, and backwards
over the anus. Legs and prolegs very pale ferruginous, slightly ob-
fuscated at tips. When much less than half grown, the head is
generally not black but rufous, the black pencil on the 2nd segment
is often only sliglitly tinged n-ith black, and the pencils on theiith
and I2tli segments are occasionally subobsolete, or all whitish and
untinged with black. Food-plants, oak, basswood, elm, etc. (Dr.
Walsh, Troc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 413.)
This is the larva of H. an/iphoLi, Walsh.
Lai'va var. — The larva sometimes has the head rufous ; the body
yellowish-white, with the warts and a ring round each spiracle brown
black ; the hair-tufts milk-white, the two middle pencils on segments
2 and 3 orange color, and the two pencils on segment 11 milk-white.
This variety is found feeding on the sycamore and is Dr. Walsh's
phytophagic variety //. Hanisii. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil vol 5, p.
199)
In the various papers from which the above quotations have been
made Dr. Walsh has labored earnestly to make two species out of
OF NORTH AMKRICA. 139
H. tessellaris, Sm. Abbott, which he calls phvtophagic species, and
which are founded on a varying color of the hair, pencils and a
different food plant. If these larval differences were accompanied by
differences in the imago, the position would be tenable, but this
author admits the absolute identity of the imagines raised from larvas
of both classes of coloration. It seems then, that however pertinent
these observations may be to the question of the origin of species, the
contingencies of the early life of the larva have as yet produced no
result upon the imago, and until such proves to be the case we are
scarcely warranted in creating new species on differences in larval
coloration. Indeed, the position taken by Dr. Walsh is not yet
proven. He does not show that larva; raised on the Sycamore, pro-
duce imagines, the eggs from which evolve identical larvne, and
similarly of larvre raised on the oak. While not absolutelv establish-
ing his proposition, this would have materially strengthened his
argument, but it does not appear that this phase of the experiment
was ever undertaken. I cannot better sum up this question than in
the words of Mr. Grote, who says, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p.
536), in relation to H. aniiphola, Walsh, "The validity of the sup-
posed species rests upon a stated difference of larval structure affect-
ing the location of the 'hair pencils,' a different coloration of the
latter and a varying food plant. Subsequent investigation, I am
informed, has contradicted the hrst of these asserted differences, which
indeed, on the supposition that it existed, would rather indicate a
generic than a specific character, and I consequently omit any further
remarks upon it. There remains then a differing coloration of the
larval 'hair pencils" and a differing food plant as the totality of
specific characters which are to constitute the new species. Analagous
instances of larval variation in the coloring of the ' hair ' among
members of the present family have been discovered without having
been made the basis for the description of a new species, and may be
correctly regarded as simple variations within the 'well defined limits
of the species,' while the habits of the differing larvae as to the food
plant, especially in such an essentially polyphagous family as the
Arctiidae, can with difficulty be drawn in as a specific character, even
upon much more perfect and detailed evidence than Mr. Walsh has
offered in the present instance. * * * It is not the most
inconsistent part of Mr. Walsh's paper, that while H. antipliola is
published as ' N. Sp.,' it is regarded on page 298, (Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist. February, 1864,) as merely in process of 'formation." No
140 zygjEnid.e and bombycid.e
such forms have been hitherto announced in Entomological Science,
and a specific name in its present acceptation is only improperly to
be applied to them,"
This species is widely distributed, and feeds on a large variety of
forest trees as previously quoted. It appears on the wing in June,
July and August ; the larvae hatched in autum pass the winter as pupaj
and are evolved in the following summer.
6-HALESIDOTA CARYJl, (Pi. G, fig. 11, $ ■)
Lophocampa carycr, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass. p. 258. (1841.)
Lophocampa carytc, Fitch, First Rt. Ins. N. Y. p. 159, fig. larva.
(1855.)
HalesiJola ammh/ascia, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. V. p. 734. (1855.)
Phegopier a porphyria, H. S., Lep. Exot. Sp. Nov. fig. 283. (1855.)
Hakstdota porphyria, H. S. Lep. Exot. Sp. Nov. fig. 283. (1858.)
HalcsiJola carya; Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 633.
(i860.)
Halesidota anntili/ascia, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 533.
(i860.)
Halesidota caryce, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 349. (1862.)
Halesidota annulifascia, Morris. Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 349.
(1862.)
Plalesidota car yce, SdiwndQX^, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 20. (1863.)
Halesidota carycv, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 8, p. 128.
(1864.)
(5. ?. — Ochre yellow with silvery white spots. Head, thoracic
parts, and abdomen above pale ochre yellow, somewhat paler beneath.
Head with transverse band in front, prothorax with small dots, and
inner edges of the patagia all brown.
Anterior wings clear ochre yellow, dusted with dark brown, most
densely so round the spots. Five oblique transverse rows of silvery
white spots, those on the costa and at the base slightly tinged with
yellow. The ist row consists of a basal patch, connected on the
inner margin with the irregular sub-basal 2nd band. The 3rd row
lies across the base of the fourth median nervule and is widest on the
costa ; the 4th lies across the base of the median nervules, is slightly
irregular, with the costal spot largest ; the 5th is submarginal, spots
sub-equal, ovate, the second spot from the costa somewhat nearer the
OF NORTH AMERICA. 141
outer margin than those adjacent. There is in addition a square spot
on the discal area, one on the costa opposite to it, besides a very
small one at the junction of the discal vein with the median nervules.
Tlie extreme apex of the wing is clear ochre yellow ; the veins,
especially the fourth median and the last sub-costal, being dark brown,
while the latter color prevails extensively around the discal vein and
on the outer margin below the apex. Fringes brown, interrupted with
yellowish at the termination of the nervules.
Secondaries very pale yellowish white, sub-diaphanous, immaculate,
clothed with yellowish hairs on the inner margin.
Beneath much as above, but less strongly marked, there being
in addition two small brown spots on the costa of the secondaries.
Expanse of Wings, 1.90 inches; lenglh of body, 0.75 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States. (Coll. generally. ) Canada. (Saunders.)
Larva. — (Harris' Corr. p. 289.) Body satin white above, dusky
beneath, head and true feet black, prolegs dusky ; sides of the body
spotted with black, and with black tubercles emitting stellated or
divaricating white hairs, the two dorsal series short, truncated and
converging, and of a black color from the fourth to the eleventh
segments inclusive ; two black pencils on the fourth and tenth seg-
ments and a dorsal series of black spots from the fourth to the eleventh
segments ; on all these segments the dorsal tubercles are in a double
series, viz : two before, nearer together than the others — one-half of
the hairs from which are black, and converge in a tuft on the back,
and the other hairs are white ; two others more distant, and furnishing
only divaricating white hairs. These four dorsal tubercles are trans-
verse, or very elongated (almost linear) oval ; the tubercles on the
sides are hemispherical. The white hairs on the first three segments,
and on the two last, are longer than the rest, and those on the sides of
the body are longer than those on the back. The black pencils on
the fourth and tenth segments, are longest of all. Rolls up when
touched. Aug. 28th.
"Sept. 18, 1840. Larva white, covered with white hairs in short
spreading tufts, a row of eight black tufts on the back, beginning on
the fourth segment ; two long, black, pencil-like tufts on the fourth
and tenth segment ; four white pencils on the second and third, and
two on the eleventh and twelfth segments. Head and prolegs black ;
the surface of the body with minute black tubercles, and a transverse
black line between each segment. It varies in having the tufts of hair
each side of the dorsal black scries dusky."
142 ZYGMmDM AND BOMBYCID^
"July 15th, 1842. On the last leaf of a branch of Ti'/ia Af/iertcana
found a swarm of these caterpillars just hatched. The eggs were laid
on the under side of the leaf, forming a broad patch an inch in
diameter. On the 23rd examined the swarm again ; the caterpillars
were a quarter of an inch long. The little black dorsal tufts were
visible, though small ; the other hairs thin and permitting the skin
and tubercles to be easily seen. The insects were all together, as
thick as possible, side by side on the lower surface of a leaf. They
had eaten all the parenchyma of the terminal leaves of the twig,
leaving only the veins and intervening reticulations. They had spun
a few threads, forming a very slight and hardly conspicuous web on
the leaves and twig, probably in moving about, and not for a shelter.
When first found these caterpillars were mistaken for Hyphaniria /extor,
a circumstance which tends to show that these species should stand
near each other in a natural arrangement. "
This species is widely distributed through the Northern States, ap-
pearing on the wing in June and July. Its characteristic food plant,
and the one from which it takes its specific name is the Carya porcina,
though it it not exclusively confined to that tree. It is very closely
allied to a species from Costa Rica (undetermined) which is so
similar that at first sight it might be easily taken to be identical. The
latter is somewhat larger and paler ; the markings similar in position,
but the shape and disposition of the spots in the sub-marginal band is
different, the spots being distinctly cordate and less regular in their
distance from the outer margin.
OF NORTH AMERICA. l4f>
EOMBYCIDJB.
CERATOCAMPIN^.
Genus. EULEUCOPHHUS. Packard.
"This is a singular genus close!}' allied to Heimkuca, especially
the section represented by H. Juno, with which the present genus may
be compared. The body, including the antennas, is large, while the
wings are much smaller than usual. The antennae are large, broadly
pectinated to the tip, just as in Hanileuca, and the body is of the same
size and structure as in H. Jtmo. The forewings are much as in
Z^ /««(?, but proportionately smaller, the costa being slightly sinuate,
incurved in the middle, the apex being much rounded just as in
H. Juno, and the outer and inner edges having also the same propor-
tions. The hind wings are much shorter and rounder than in Hemil-
euca, the tip of the abdomen projecting (slightly) beyond them ; the
apex is much more rounded. The venation differs in the second
median venule arising from within the middle of the wing, especially
in the hind wings ; in H. Juno it arises outside the middle of the
wing. The style of coloration is quite different, there being no discal
spot on the hind wings, which are pale whitish yellow (testaceous. )
The generic name is given in allusion to the pale gray color so
unusual in this sub-family."
Packard, Ann. Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci. April, 1872.
This genus includes but one species, E. tricolor from New Mexico.
Mr. Packard was not acquainted with the ? of the species described
by him, and was consequently not aware of the great disparity in size
between the sexes, which in addition to the difference in coloralion
might almost lead to the sup[)Osition that they were two distinct
species.
l-EULEUCOPHaiUS TRICOLOR, (Pi. 6 fig., 3 3 ? 4. )
EuleucophcBus tricolor, Packard, Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci. April, 1872.
$, . — Head, thorax beneath and abdomen above dark Indian red ;
prothorax patagia and thorax very hairy, grayish brown, with scattered
yellowish hairs. Abdomen beneath, brown, banded with pale ochre.
144 ZYG^NID^. AND BOMBYCID/E
Antennae pale rust red. Legs yellowish, clothed with long grayish
brown hairs.
Anterior wings blackish brown sprinkled with dirty white scales.
A basal, dirty white, oblique band angulated near the costa ; a
transverse, oblique, band beyond the middle, parallel with the outer
margin, and of the same color ; and finally a narrow marginal band
of the same color. Fringes concolorous. The gray coloring thus
becomes a basal cloud ; a mesial band somewhat broadest on the
costa, palest in the centre, and carrying a whitish transverse lunate
black bordered discal spot ; and a more diffuse, sub-marginal cloud,
which does not reach either the costal, inner or outer margins.
Posterior wings pale yellowish white, immaculate, somewhat tinged
with yellowish on the inner margin.
Beneath, the markings of the primaries reappear but more faindy,
the base of the costa being clothed with carneous hairs ; secondaries
as above, a few carneous hairs at the base.
?. — Much larger than $, costa of the primaries slightly convex.
The whitish markings are reduced to a narrow angulated sub-basal
band, somewhat spread on the costa, and a narrow oblique band of
the same color from the inner margin to the costa near the apex.
Fringes whitish. Discal spot distinct. Secondaries pale carneous,
with a lighter extra mesial band. Otherwise similar to $ .
Expanse of Wings, ^2.00 $2. 70 inches; length of body, 50.85
inch ? i.io inches.
Habitat.— ^t^ Mexico. (Coll. Dr. Behr, H. Edwards, R. H.
Stretch. )
For my type of this species I am indebted to the kindness of Dr.
Behr, of San Francisco, in whose collection the only $ at present
known, is to be found. Six c? specimens show no tendency to
variation. All the known specimens were collected by Dr. Howard
who states that they were found round IMesquite trees, from which it
may be inferred that the larva feeds on that plant. Of the nature of
the country in which the insect was taken we know nothing. On this
point Mr. A. S. Packard says : " Whether the unusually pale color
of this species is to adapt it for concealment in dry and desert locali-
ties or not, we can only learn when we know something ot the habits
of the moth. "
OF NORTH AMERICA. 145
ZYG^NID^.
CASTNIIN^,
Genus. EUDRYAS. Boisduval.
" Head rather large, eyes and ocelli large and full. Antennae not
thickened in the middle, with short lateral setae in the male and pubes-
cent beneath. Front prominent, densely pilose, though the hairs
hardly conceal the conical clypeal tubercle, which last is very large
and truncated at the apex. The clypeus in front is square. Palpi
large, porrect ; two basal joints evenly pilose to the tip of the second.
Third joint small, cylindrical, short, porrect reaching nearly one-half
its length be}ond the front.
"Thorax pilose, with a broad median crest of metallic-colored
scales, succeded by a dorsal row of similar tufts upon the basal half
of the abdomen which diminish in size from the thorax.
"Wings shaped as in afypia, but the primaries are more rounded at
the apex, internal angle rounder. The nervules are nearly continuous
with the direction of the main branches. Subcostal nervules long,
first subcostal arising one-third of the distance out to the apex of the
wing. The hind wings hardly reach to the outer fourth of the abdo-
men, being much as in alypia. Outer margin a little scolloped below
the apex, below straight and parallel with the costa of the primaries.
Discoidal nervules situated within the middle of the wing. The femora
and tibiae of the fore-legs are very pilose, forming a dense tuft project-
ing in a mass over the first tarsal joint. Hind pair of legs stout, with
longer tibial spines than in alypia.
''Larva. The head is of good size, being three-fourths as wide as
the body. It is nearly as broad across the vertex, as in front, above it
is. rather deeply impressed by the median line. The V-shaped epicra-
nium is large, not sunken below the level of the front ; its apex is
rather blunt, its sides bulge out from the apex to the anterior third of
its length, where it is slightly contracted ; and where it joins the cly-
peus its edge is linear. The short transverse clypeus is as broad as
the epicranium is long, its front edge being straight and very slightly
raised.
" The labrum is divided half of its length by a sinus, into two lobes
146 ZYG.^NID.E AND BOIIBYCID.E
which are farther subdivided into two portions, the outer corneous and
hard, and shaped somewhat Hke the mandible of the mature moths
of this family, while the inner portions meet on the median line and
are more fleshy.
"The two jointed antennae are placed directly opposite the thick
subtriangular truncated mandibles.
"The labium and basal portion of the maxillae are broad and
thick.
" The body is elongated and gradually increases in width to the
eighth ring, which is much enlarged and raised into a hump, from
which the body rapidly narrows, and the tergum falls down at an angle
of 45° to the broad lunate supra-anal plate.
" The rings are slightly convex ; across their middle is a row of tu-
bercles ending in hairs equal in length to that of the ring itself Upon
the tergum of each ring are four large tubercles arranged in a broad
trapezoid, two in front and two more distant, on the middle of the
ring ; on the thoracic rings these tubercles are arranged in a single
transverse line and on the supra-anal plate in a square. Below is a
lateral row of similar warts, one for each ring, immediately below which
is a row of stigmata, behind which on each ring is a minute wart.
On the pleural line of the body, formed by the triangular raised por-
tion of the side of each ring is a tubercle ; and at the base of all the
legs is a single similar wart. On the sternal side of the body, on the
segments between the legs, is a transverse row of smaller warts than
those above, which are inclined to be germinate between the true and
false legs. There is a distinct thickening of the skin on the sides of
the anal legs as in the Bombyces.
"The coloration of the body generally is a light hue, with linear
transverse tergal stripes, about six for each ring, and nearly black in
color, which are interrupted near or between the tubercles."
Pupa. " The whole body is elongate and rather slender ; both the
head and prothorax taper continuously towards the clypeal tubercle,
which is quite prominent. The antennae do not reach to the end of
the wings. The prothorax is twice as broad as long ; slightly carinated.
The sides of the body are continuous and straight from the base of the
wings to the fourth abdominal ring, while the body itself is hardly
depressed or constricted at the juncture of the thorax and abdomen.
The wings meet upon the sternum, reaching to the middle of the body.
Fifth to seventh rings of the abdomen separated by deep sutures, while
the surface of each ring is flat, not convex, with two rows of small
OF NORTH AMERICA. 141
teeth ; while lower down on the sides of the body are four tubercles,
being the remnants of the two middle pairs of prop legs. The remain-
ing rings are less angulated. The tip of the abdomen is obtusely
conical, ending in four tubercles, the pair above long and truncate,
those below broad and short. On the under side are two minute ap-
proximate tubercles. The whole chrysalis is of a dark mahogany
brown, with the surface finely granulated."
Packard, Proc. Essex Inst, vol. 4, April 1S64.
The proper location of this somewhat anomalous genus has been
the subject of extensive discussion. Dr. Harris located it near Noto-
donta, while Walker refers it to the NoduidcE. Mr. Doubleday in his
letters to Dr. Harris, states that Westwood saw in its structure certain
affinities with Callimorpha, while Boisduval transferred it to the Zygce-
nidce. The notes on the Family Zygoenidos by Dr. Packard, from
which the above generic characters are extracted, were written with the
object of showing the "systematic position of the genus, and are well
worthy the careful stud}- of Entomologists. The two Eastern species
are well known ; a third from California must be added to the list.
They may be tabulated thus :
Discal spot on secondaries - - - - E. brevipennis.
No discal spot on secondaries
Outer margin of primaries dark 1 _ _ r* cryaia
with single pale line ) • A •
Outer margins of primaries pale) j^ ^,„.
? 1 • 1 1 1 f - " J^- UHIO.
mottled with darker
1— EUDRYAS GRATA, (Pi. 7, fig. 1,)
Bombvx grata, Fabr. , Ent. Syst. HI. 457.
Cyphocampa grata, Harris. M. S. S.
Eiidryas grata, Boisd. , Spec. Gen. Lep. vol. i.,pl. I4- (1836.)
Eudryas grata, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 310. (1841.)
Eudryas grata, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. I\I., vol. 9. (1856.)
Eudryas grata, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 245. (1S60. )
Eudryas grata, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 427. PI. 6, fig. 8.
(1862.)
Eudryas grata, H^Lxn?, Corx. p. 306. {iS6g) larva.
Eudryas grata, Riley, 2nd Rep. St. Eat. Missouri, p. 83, fig.
56. (1870.)
148 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID^
S. ?. — Head and prothorax dark purplish brown, with many
metallic blueish scales. Palpi paler, Patagia white. Thorax white,
with a broad median stripe concolorous with prothorax. Abdomen
yellow ochre, with a dorsal series of tufts concolorous with prothorax,
the basal tuft large, the others rapidly diminishing in size towards the
tip. Abdomen beneath, yellowish with a lateral series of black spots.
Fore legs white, tibial tuft dusky; other legs dusky.
Anterior wings white with a broad marginal outer band of a rich
purplish chocolate color, margined internally with a narrow olive
green band, which is pale centrally. In this band on the outer margin,
there is a very narrow sinuate blueish white line, supplemented in-
wardly with a few powdery blue scales. A dusky reniform discal spot,
pale olive green centrally. The costa from the base to this reniform
spot is broadly margined with rich chocolate brown, dusted with pale
blue scales, and dnged inwardly with olive green. On the inner mar-
gin is a yellowish olive green cloud, dusky centrally, and slightly pow-
dered with pale blue scales on the inner margin. Fringes dusky, palest
at the base.
Secondaries clear pale ochre yellow, with a broad outer marginal
band, rather narrower than that on the primaries, of rich chocolate-
brown. This band dies out before reaching the apex, and incloses a
narrow sub-marginal pale blue sinuate line. Inside this outer band
and close to it, is an indistinct concolorous narrow line, most strongly
marked on the inner margin. Fringes whitish tipped with chocolate.
Beneath, all the wings are clear pale yellow ochre. Fringes white,
tipped very faintly with brown. There is a brownish black discal spot
on the secondaries ; and on the primaries the reniform spot is distinct
and blackish, and there is a smaller, rounded, similarly colored spot
on the discal area slightly nearer the base. The costa is also blackish
at the base.
Expanse of Wings, 1.75 inches ; lenglh of body, 0.70 inch.
Habiiai. — Massachusetts (Harris). Vermont (Putnam). New York
(Fitch). Missouri (Riley).
Larva. — The following description is from Harris' correspondence,
p. 306. " Entirely naked, pale sky blue ; the head, a transverse band
on each segment, except the last, which has two, anal valve and all the
feet orange colored ; head, bands and feet spotted with black, and on
each segment six narrow, transverse lines, two of which are contiguous
to the band on each side. When at rest this caterpillar elevates the
third and fourth segments very much, and depresses the head. There
OF NORTH AMERICA. 149
is an obtuse prominence or elevation of the anterior part of the eleventh
segment, which is visible at all times." This larva feeds on the vine,
devouring the entire leaf, and is found from May to September (Riley).
It undergoes its transformations on the surface of the ground without
making a cocoon, according to the last authority. For more detailed
description of the larva of this species, as far as its structural peculiari-
ties are concerned, the reader is referred to the quotations from Dr.
Packard's writings under the genus Etidrvas p. 145. It should
be noted, however, that this writer describes the larva as hairy, while
Dr. Harris says it is " entirely naked.'' Mr. Riley (loc. cit. ) remarks
that the hairs arising from the black spots are less conspicuous than in
the larva of Alypia ociomaculata. From this it would appear that the
hairs must have escaped the notice of Dr. Harris, though it is difficult
to understand how so close an observer was led into this error, for such
I am inclined to believe it, though personally unacquainted with the
larva. For the pupa, see p. 146.
Some of the larvae which pupate early disclose the moth in the au-
tumn, but others pass the winter as pupae and do not appear on the
wing until the following spring. (Riley.)
2.-ETJDIIYAS UNIO. (Pi. 7, fig 2,)
Eiiihisanotia unio, Hiibner.
Eudryas iinio, Boisd. , Spec. Gen. Lep. vol. i. (1836.)
Eudryas unio, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 310. (1841.)
Eudryas unio, Walker, Cat. Lcp. B. M. vol. 9. (1856.)
Eudryas unio, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 246. (1862.)
Eudryas unio, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 43. Pupa. (1864.)
Eudryas unio, Riley. 2nd Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 'i^. (1870.)
5 . ? . — Head and prothorax dark purplish brown, with many me-
tallic scales. Palpi paler. Patagia white. Thorax white, with a broad
median stripe concolorous with prothorax. Abdomen whitish above>
yellowish beneath, with an indistinct row of lateral black spots.
Anterior wings white, with an outer broad marginal band, sinuated
internally, and colored as follows in lines parallel with the outer mar-
gin. An outer sinuated whitish line, the outer indentations of which
are filled with reddish brown. The inner margin of the band consists
of a very narrow pale olive green line margined on both sides very
narrowly with blackish brown ; the centre of the band is whitish dusted
150 ZYGMNIDJE AND BOMBYCID^E
with reddish brown scales, which are thickest inwardly and at the anal
angle. There is a reniform spot on the discal vein, dark chocolate
near the costa, yellowish inside, and deeply excavate outwardly. A
dark spot on the discal area, partly merged into the dark chocolate
streak on the costa, which terminates at the reniform spot, and near
which it is dusted with blue scales. There is also a dark brownish
black spot on the inner margin, united to the outer band, projecting
towards the disc of the wing, sharply truncated inwardly and continued
along the inner margin but. narrowing rapidly to the base. This spot
is also thickly dusted with bluish scales.
Secondaries pale ochre yellow, with an outer reddish brown mar-
ginal band extending to the costa, and inclosing on the outer margin,
a paler sinuate line. Inside this band on the inner margin is a dark
parallel streak.
Beneath pale ochre yellow, with the discal spot on the secondaries,
and the reniform and circular spots of the primaries distinct and
blackish. The marginal band on all the wings is reproduced of a
uniform pale reddish brown.
Expanse 0/ Wings, 1.40 inches; lenglh 0/ body, 0.60 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States. Maine (Packard). New York (Fitch).
Middle States. Missouri (Riley).
Larva. — The larva is said to be similar to that of E, grata, though
I have been unable to find any detailed description of it. Dr. Fitch
says in relation to it, having raised both the Eastern species from the
grape, (3rd Report. Ins. N. Y., p. 399. 1856,) that it "is equally
common with the preceding, and the worms are so much alike that
we as yet know not whether there are any marks whereby they can be
distinguished from each other.'' Another writer states (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., p. 43, 1864) that the pup^e of this species were found in winter
in the stems of a species of reed (Hibiscus), as though the larvse had
been feeding in that location. These two modes of life are so dif-
ferent that one might almost be tempted to question the accuracy of
one or the other of the observations ; but presuming the latter fact to
be correct, it furnishes additional evidence that Eudryas is correctly
located among the Castiinas, as against the position assigned to the
genus by Dr. Harris among the Notodontidse, which are exclusively
external feeders.
The imago differs from E. grata in its smaller size ; in the band of
the primaries being pale and mottled instead of uniform dark brown ;
in the absence of the yellowish green tints of the upper wings, and
OF NORTH AMERICA. 151
the dark color of the patch on the inner margin of the primaries. On
the secondaries, the marginal band is continued to the costa, instead
of dying out before the apex ; and on the under surface the marginal
bands reappear, which is not the case in E. grata.
3— EUDRYAS BREVIPENNIS. N. S. (PI 7, figs. 3, 4.)
The figures of this species are only approximate. The type and
only specimen known to me is badly rubbed, and somewhat muti-
lated, having lost its head, so that the exact nature of the latter and the
details of the coloration ot the marginal bands cannot be acciiraklv
figured or described, but it presents strong structural differences which
clearly separate it from its Eastern congeners, and it was deemed best
to insert it to call attention to the wide geographical range of the genus.
It presents a combination of the characters of both E. grata and E.
unio, though more similar to the latter, in having the same alar ex-
panse, and in the presence of the marginal band on the wings beneath.
The insect is much broader in proportion to the expanse of the wings,
the secondaries being much more rounded, than either of the species
mentioned. When the wings are " set" so that the discal dot of the
secondaries just touches the inner margin of the primaries, the pro-
portions are as follows :
Alar expanse, - - grata 1.75. wiio 1.40 hrevipennis 1.40
Length of body, - - "0.70. " 0.60 " 0.70
Breadth of wings, - " 0.60. " 0.52 " 0.58
It will thus be seen that with an alar expanse only equal to that of
E. unio, the breadth of the wings from the costa of the primaries to
the outer margin of the secondaries is nearly as great as that of E.
grata, while the length of the body equals that of the latter species.
This results from the following differences in the shape of the wings.
The outer margin of the primaries is more strongly angulated, making
the apex more rectangular, while the outer margin of the secondaries
instead of being parallel with the costa is strongly rounded. In color-
ation the insect more nearly approaches E. unio than E. grata, though
the abdomen is more like that of the latter species, being yellow with
the dark, almost black tufts, extending to the tip, while there is a dis-
tinct lateral row of black spots. There is the same blackish spot
connected with the marginal band on the primaries, and the marginal
band reproduced on all the wings beneath, as in E. unio, but there is
152 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
a distinct, transverse, black discal spot on the secondaries above, and
the black spots on the primaries beneath are much more conspicuous,
almost blending into one, and the costa at the base is much more
largely blackish.
Expanse of Wmgs, 1.40 inches ; kfig/k of body 0.70 inch.
Habitat. — California. (Coll. Stretch. )
The specimen above referred to was taken in the California Theatre
at San Francisco, having been attracted by the light, and was presented
to the writer by H. Edwards, Esq., of that city.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 153
ZYGJININ^.
Genus COSMOSOMA. Hubner.
"Wings mostly hyaline. The subcostal vein of the forcwings is
adjacent to the external margin, with two subcosto-marginal nervules,
one from the disc arising at a point midway between the origin of the
medio-posterior branch and its penultimate, the other exterior to the
disc, midway between it and the origin of the post apical nervule. The
apical branch beyond its middle sends off the post-apical nervule, and
near its tip an apical nervulet to thecosta. Median vein four-branched.
Hind wings about half as long as the fore wings ; without costal vein;
subcostal bifid from the origin of the discal vein, which is very ob-
liquely inclined towards the base of the wing and abruptly curved
above the median, where it receives, the discal fold. Median vein
bifid exterior to the disc, with the lower branch furcate at the tip.
"Head moderate, smooth, neck not distinct; with ocelli. Face
smooth and vertical. Eyes moderately prominent. Antennae rather
more than half as long as the body, pectinated to the tips in the $ ,
less so in the ? . Palpi rather stout, curved, exceeding the face,
smooth, but hairy at the base ; basal and middle joints nearly equal ;
terminal small and conical. Tongue equal to the thorax beneath.
" Body scarcely equal in length to the fore wings, rather slender,
nearly linear. Patagia small. Legs moderately stout, smooth ; fore
tibiae with a moderate, concealed spur from the base ; hind tibias with
four rather small spurs."
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 544. (1S60.)
But one species of this genus is found in the United States, it being
also reported to occur in Mexico. (Clemens. )
l.-COSMOSOMA OMPHALE. (PI. 7, fig. 5.;
Cos7nosof)ia omphale, Hiibner.
/Egcria omphale, Say, Am. Ent. vol. 2, pi. 19. (1817-28.)
Glaucopis (C.) omphale, Harris, Sill. Journal, vol. 36, p. 317.
(1839.)
154 ZYG^NID-E AND BOMBYCID^
Glaucopis ( C. ) otnphale, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 544.
(i860.)
Glaucopis (C. ) omphale, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 135. (i860).
Glaucopis (C.) omphale, Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 266.
(1862.)
Head bright metallic blue. Palpi black, basal joint scarlet. An-
tennae black. Thoracic parts bright scarlet ; prothoracic scales with
a blue central dash. Patagia, at the base and outwardly dusky. Ab-
domen scarlet, with a central dorsal stripe and the three terminal
segments black, but showing obsolete blue spots. Thorax beneath and
legs scarlet ; abdomen beneath black.
Wings hyaline, with the nervules black. On the primaries, the
internal margin is narrowly black; the outer margin rather more
widely of the same color ; there is a black spot on the discal vein,
and the apical third of the wing is of the same color. On the secon-
daries the apex and inner margin are black, and the costa less intensely
so. Beneath, as above.
Expanse 0/ wings, i. 50 inches. Length of body, 0.50 inch.
Habitat. — Florida (Clemens). Mexico (Clemens).
For my specimen of this beautiful insect I am indebted to the kind-
ness of my friend, T. L. Mead, Esq., of New York, who however
omitted to state the locality where the specimen was taken. If my
memory serves me correctly, I believe he mentioned, in a previous con-
.versation, that the specimens in his possession were taken in Florida.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 155
3.-CISTHENE SUBJECTA. (PI. 7, fig. 12.)*
Chthaie siibjecta, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. vol. 2,, p. 534. (1854.)
Cisthene suhjecta, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 254. (1862.)
Hypoprepia Packardii, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 2, p. 31.
PI. 2, fig. 5, ?. (1863.)
Hvpoprepid Packardii, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 98,
(1864.)
Cislhene suhjecta, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 103.
(1864.)
5. $. — Head black, rosy about the eyes. Palpi and antennoe
black. Prothorax and patagia yellowish, thorax above blackish. Ab-
domen rose colored. Legs mostly whitish, partly brown.
Anterior wings steel gray, with a well defined yellowish spot on the
costa near the apex. A longitudinal streak of the same color, on the
internal margin, well defined, and commencing near the internal angle
and continuing to the base of the wing, showing a spot of the same
shade as the ground color.
Posterior wings rose color, with a wide greyish border not extending
quite to the anal angle.
Var. — Costal spot of primaries obsolete, as is also the internal stripe
except at its extreme tip.
Var. — Longitudinal stripe reduced to a narrow streak slightly dilated
at its outer end.
Expanse qfiumgs, 0.70 inch. Length of body, 0.25 inch.
Habitat. — Pennsylvania (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) United States
(Walker).
The above description is compiled from the writings of Messrs.
Walker and Grote ; the figure is copied from that given by Mr. Grote
on PI. 2 of the Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, for 1863. Neither of these
writers speak of the habits of the insect, though it is quite likely that
from its minute size, it has escaped general observation. This species
appears to bear the same relation to the following (C. uni/ascia) which
the Californian, C. nexa, does to C. faustinula.
* See page ^, ante.
156 ZYC^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID.B
4.-CISTHENS UNIFASCIA. UPi. 7. fig. n.)
Cislhene wiifascia, tj. & R. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vol. 2, p. 187.
PL 2, fig. 63 5. (1868-9.)
5 . ? . — Head, prothorax and tegulce, above, pale ochre yellow.
Beneath, the legs are pale yellow ; anterior and middle tibiae mascu-
late with lead color.
Primaries rather narrow-er than in C. subjecta, apices appearing
more rounded, hind margin more oblique ; lead gray, with a median
pale ochre yellow band running from the costa to the internal margin,
and continued along the latter to the base of the wing. This band
varies in width, appears to be narrower in the 3 , and is constricted on
the disc. It seems to be the result of the fusion of the spots on the
costal and internal margins at this place in C. subjecta. Beneath, as
above, the band showing a warmer tinge. Hind wings and abdomen
rose color, former touched at apices with a leaden hue. (Grote,
(loc. cit. )
Expanse 0/ wings, 0.70 inch. Length of body, 0.25 inch.
Habitat. — Florida (Grote and Robinson). Texas (Belfrage).
Grote and Robinson say in relation to this species : "Notwithstand-
ing the variability of our Northern C. subjecta, the present may be a
distinct species. It merits a name in any event from the constancy of
its ornamentation." The specimens from which the present figure was
drawn were received from Mr. George Belfrage, of Texas, and vary
from the above description only in the absence of any leaden hue on
the tips of the secondaries. G. and R. in their Cat. Lep. N. Am.
1868, place the present species as a variety of C. subjecta, but from my
knowledge of the two allied Californian species, I prefer for the
present to consider C. U7ti/ascia as specifically distinct, more especially
as the differences between C. nexa and C. faustinula, which we know
to be distinct species, are much the same as those which separate
subjecta and imifascia.
Since the above was written I have received a number of insects from
Mr. Belfrage, and among them is a specimen of this species in which
the transverse band is almost obliterated, though this and all the other
specimens received show no leaden hue at the tip of the secondaries.
Out of six specimens received irom Mr. Belfrage this is the only one
which shows any tendency to variation in the markings of the prima-
ries, yet having noted this variation, it is quite possible that Messrs.
Grote and Robinson are right in placing C. unifascia as a variety of
OF NORTH AMERICA. 151
C. subjecta. It is far from safe to presume, that because we find in a
locality far distant from that which we know to be the original home
of a species, specimens differing slightly from the original type, that
these specimens are specifically distinct ; for among the insects referred
to as received from Mr. Belfrage, are specimens of E. niendica and
Arctia arge which cannot be separated from those found in New Eng-
land. This question of geographical distribution has been a stum-
bling block with many Entomologists, and it may not be out of place
to remark that many species have a much wider geographical range
than has hitherto been awarded to them.
168 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDtE
Genus CETA. Grote.
"The wings are longer than the body. The anterior rather narrow,
enveloping the body when folded ; apex obtusely rounded and hind
margin slightly oblique. The subcostal nervule gives rise to a mar-
ginal nervule, about its middle, and within the disc forms a large
secondary cell, from the hind end of which arise three distinct marginal
nervules, the lower one reaching the costa rather above the tips. The
disc extends rather beyond the apical third of the wing, and the discal
vein gives rise to three nervules. The median is three-branched, the
posterior branch being remote from the others, and arising opposite
the origin of the subcostal branch, which forms the secondary cell.
The fold is thickened and the submedian furcate at its base.
" The hind wings are rather broader than the fore wings ; obliquely
rounded along the hind margin from the tip to the base ; costa nearly
straight. The costal nervure distinct and simple ; the subcostal simple
and rather attenuated from the discal vein towards the base. The dis-
cal vein gives rise to two nervules, and sends a false nervule through
the disc towards the base of the wing The median subdivides into
three equidistant nervules.
"Head rather small, smooth, free; without ocell. Face rather
narrow, tapering, vertical. Eyes small, salient. Antennae slender,
with joints closely set, serrated beneath with scales. Palpi slender,
cylindrical, curved, ascending rather above the middle of the front ;
basal joint squamose ; middle and terminal joints smooth and equal
in length. Tongue about one half as long as the body.
' ' Body slender, scarcely equal in length to the fore wings. Patagia
scale-like. Abdomen slender, more than one half as long as the
body beneath. Legs smooth and slender ; fore tibi^ with a long con-
cealed internal spur ; hind tibia; with a pair of apical spurs.
"The wing structure of the insect included in this genus resembles
most strikingly that of the Tineina, and must form a group connecting
the Glaucopidas directly with it."
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, (i860.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 159
This genus was described by Clemens under the name of Pcecilop-
iera, for which Grote substituted (E/a, the former being preoccupied.
It contains but one American species in which the prevailing colors
are black and yellow. The genus though referred above to the Zygce-
ntncE, has many points of resemblance to the Lithosiidcc, and lies in
the debateable ground between the two groups.
l.-CETA AUKEA. (Pi. 7, fig. 10.)
Deiopeia aurea, Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 168. (1856.)
Pcecilopiera compta, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, (i860.)
Deiopeia aiired, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 251. (1862.)
PcBcilopler a compf a, Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. 312. (1862.)
Deiopeia aurea, Vzc^-TirdL, Vxoc. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 106. (1864.)
CEta compta. Grote and Rob., List. Lep. N. A. Pt. i. (1868.)
Cydosia aurea. Grote and Rob., List. Lep. N. Am. Pt. 1. (1868.)
3 . $ . — Head yellow, with a black spot between the antennas and
a black band across the face. Palpi pale yellow, with the ends of the
second and third joints black. Patagia and thorax reddish orange, the
latter with two small black dots in front. Prothorax pale yellow
blackish in front. Thorax beneath marked with pale yellow. Abdo-
men dusky brown, largely pale yellow beneath. Legs dusky with steel
blue reflections. Coxaj of anterior pair orange, of the remainder pale
yellow. Tibice of middle pair spotted with yellow ; tibios of posterior
pair with a long terminal brush in 3 .
Anterior wings reddish orange with four steel-blue-black transverse
bands, containing clear yellow spots. The first at the base ; the second
inside the middle of the wing ; the third exterior to the middle, wider
than the others, constricted on the costa, and connected at the upper
outward corner with the sub-terminal band, which runs from the costa
to the anal angle and is constricted in the middle, thus leaving at the
apex of the wing a square patch of its basal color. Fringes dusky.
Posterior wings slightly hyaline, smoky brown, darkest at the tip
and along the outer margin. Veins blackish. Fringes dusky.
Beneath all the wings are smoky brown, the yellow spots of the pri-
maries being very faintly visible as somewhat paler maculations.
Expanse of Wings, i.oo inches ; lenglh of body, 0.45 inch.
Habitat. — Georgia (Fitch). Texas (Belfrage, Coll. Smith. Inst.,
Stretch). St. Louis (Grote).
160 ZYGJEmDJE AND BOMBYCID^
Of the habits of this species Mr. Grote says Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ,
vol. 4, p. 319), "P. compta clings to the stems of plants in dull
weather, not willingly flying, and may be readily shaken off into the
collecting bottle. The sexes do not differ. The wings are folded
round the body when at rest. " For my examples of this species I am
indebted to Mr. Belfrage, of Waco, Texas. Mr. Grote notes its oc-
currence at St. Louis, Missouri, early in October, which appears to be
later than the usual time of its evolution in Texas.
I have unfortunately not been able to examine the original descrip-
tion of Dr. Fitch's Deiopeia aurea, but as quoted by Morris (loc. cit. )
I have no doubt that it refers to the same insect as Pcecilopiera compta,
of Clemens. Under these circumstances Dr. Fitch's name takes pri-
ority. It is somewhat surprising that the wonderful similarity of these
descriptions has not been previously noticed, though the reason may
probably be the reference of the insect to a genus with which it has
no affinity except in color. Mr. Grote indeed suggests that Fitch's D.
aurea may possibly be a species of Cydosia, and places it under that
genus in the List of Lep. N, Am., Pt. i, 1868, but makes no mention
of its probable identity with any other described species. It is evi-
dently a species of wide geographical range, and while Texas and the
valley of the Mississippi may be looked upon as its home, its occur-
rence in Georgia is not surprising. Five specimens before me show
no tendency to variation, though Mr. Grote states that the specimens
collected in Missouri differ somewhat from Dr. Clemens' description*
without specifying, however, in what particular.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 161
ZYGiENID^.
ZYGaiNiN^;.
Genus CYDOSIA. Westwood.
Head moderately large, free from the thorax ; vertex flat ; front very-
prominent, conical, projecting between the eyes which are prominent.
Palpi short, stout, scaled, porrected, not reaching the front ; tongue
moderate. Antennae of moderate length, simple, wide apart at the
base, inserted immediately above the eyes. Thorax globose, smooth,
finely scaled. Abdomen smooth, short, slightly projecting beyond the
hind wings, moderately slender, truncated, tufted. Legs stout, middle
pair with one pair, posterior pair with two pairs of spurs.
Anterior wings long and narrow. Costa straight, apex rounded,
outer margin oblique, inner margin parallel with the costa. Median
vein four-branched ; 3rd remote from ist and 2nd ; 4th very remote
from 3rd, rising near the base of the wing. Subcostal four-branched ;
1st and 2nd thrown off near the end of discal area, rather short ; 3rd
furcate midway of its length, one branch reaching the costa, tlie
other going to the outer margin ; 4th rises on a short stalk, is long
and nearly parallel with the costa.
Secondaries rather broader than the primaries ; costa straight ; apex
produced, rounded; apical half of outer margin oblique; balance
parallel with the costa ; anal angle distinct.
This genus is subtropical, the species being of small size. Its colors
are metallic, which circumstance assists in determining its true system-
atic position. It is loaded down with Lilhosian affinities, and might
even at first sight be mistaken for a Tinea. Two species are found in
the southern portion of the United States, and others occur in Central
America and the West Indies. I have in my collection an undeter-
mined insect from Costa Rica, having the characteristic form and
metallic green color of this genus, but with short pectinate antennas,
which connects Cydosia with the Zygajnid forms having antennae of
that structure. The two American species may be distinguished thus :
Anterior wings wtth many white spots, - - C. nobilitella.
Anterior wings without white spots, - - - C. aurivitta.
162 ZYG^ENID^ AND BOMBYCID.5
l.-CYDOSIA NOBILITELLA. (Pi. 7, fig. 8.)
Tinea iiobilitella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. Plate 264.
Cydosia nobilitella, Westwood.
Cvdosia nobilitella, Duncan, Nat. Lib. Ins., vol. 5, p. 193. PI 24,
fig. 2. (1S58.) .
5 . $ . — Flead, prothorax, thorax and abdomen dark metallic green,
with the following white markings. A spot on the vertex, two smaller
dots at the base of the antennae, and a few white scales on the front
and palpi. Two spots on the prothorax, two on each of the patagia,
and five on the disc of the thorax. Thorax beneath, and legs dark
metallic green, the latter largely spotted with Vv^hite.
Primaries dark green, with metallic gloss ; basal fourth of the costa,
a transverse sub-basal band extending from the median vein to the in-
ternal margin and partially connected with the costal streak, a quadrate
discal spot, and a subterminal somewhat sinuate transverse band, all
dark metallic red-orange. Between these orange bands are a series of
white spots arranged as follows. A small dot at the base of the wing ;
two others inside the basal band ; one near the costa between this band
and the orange spot, and two between this spot and the subterminal
band ; two near the inner margin between the bands ; and a terminal
series outside the submarginal band, consisting of three principal
quadrate spots, and several minor ones. The outer margin is very
narrowly edged with white. Fringes blackish-green.
Secondaries dark metallic green immaculate, somewhat blacker
than the primaries. Fringes dusky tipped at the apex with whitish.
Beneath, all the wings are blackish, the narrow white margin of the
primaries, and traces of the white outer spots alone being visible.
Expanse of wings, 0.90 inches. Length of body, 0.35 inch.
Habitat. — Texas (Belfrage).
For my specimens of this beautiful little insect, I am indebted to
Mr. George Belfrage, who took them in Western Texas, in May and
June.
From certain remarks made by Messrs. Grote and Robinson, in
their description of C. atirivitia, it is evident that they have received
this insect from the same locality, and determined it as C. nobilitella.
It is not without hesitation that I retain the specific name here given
for the insect described and figured in the present number, and should
not do so were it not for the reference of Grote and Robinson to it as
OF NORTH AMERICA. 163
C. 7iobililella, Cramer (loc. cit.) Not having Cramer's figure for com-
parison, I am compelled to accept the determination of Messrs. G.
and R. , while strongly believing that two or more species are mi.xed
up under the same specific name. Dnncan (loc. cit.) slates that Cra-
mer's figure was drawn from an insect taken on the island of Cura9oa,
and figures one taken on the island of St. Domingo. Both his figure
and description show the posterior wings to be white ivith a dark mar-
gin ; there is no mention of the terminal white line either in text or
plate; and setting aside the number of the white spots which are much
fewer in the insect described than in Duncan's figure, there still re-
mains in addition the much larger size (1.25 inches) of the West
Indian specimens to indicate the presence of two species. I have also
beiore me a specimen from Costa Rica, which approaches the insect
under consideration very closely. It expands 1.30 inches, and while
the coloration is identical the white spots are fewer in number, more
quadrate in form and the terminal white line is absent. It resembles
the insect here described much more closely than do Duncan's descrip-
tion and figure, yet it is clearly a distinct form. I greatly regret the
want of access to Cramer's work, a careful comparison with which
can alone solve these discrepancies, but should this determination
prove erroneous, I would suggest the name of C. imiiella for the
Texan species.
2.-CYD0SIA AURIVITTA. (Pl. 7, fig. 9.)
Cydosia aurivi/ia, G. and R., Trans. Am. Ent. S., vol. 2, p. 186.
PI. 3, fig. 68. (186S. )
" 5. ?. — Entirely cyaneous black, lustrous, beneath less shining
and more of a dead black. The male abdomen has the anal segment
ringed with bright fulvous scales. Anterior wings with a golden yel-
low stripe on costa at base ; a sub-basal stripe running transversely
downward from median nervule to internal margin, sometimes resolved
into two spots by its obsolescence on internal nervure. On the disc
a subquadrate spot and a gently sinuate even transverse band before
the margin. All these markings are very broad, evident and concolor-
ous, being of a deep gold color. Elsewhere the insect is entirely
immaculate, generally cyaneous, sometimes greenish black." (G. and
R. loc. cit.)
Expanse of Wings, 0.90 inch ; length of body, 0.35 inch.
Habitat. — Texas (Belfrage). Imago flies in I\Iay and June.
164 ZYG.ENIDyE AND BOMBYCID^
For my specimens of this insect I am indebted to Mr. George Bel-
frage, of Texas. In relation to it, Messrs. G. and R. say : " Though
at first sight differing very greatly from its ally taken in the same
locality, C. nobilitella, Weshvood, it is in reality near it, wanting merely
all the numerous dererminate white maculations on the body and
wings which characterize its congeners." Mr. Belfrage states that it
is generally distributed through Texas, though nowhere common, and
that while usually taken on the wing in the daytime it is also frequently
attracted by the lights at night.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 165
BOMBYCIDffl.
LITHOSIIDJG.
Genus CRAMBIDIA. Packard.
" Head much as in Lithosia, but the front converges more anteri-
orly, and the scales are coarser and longer. Antennae setose, other-
wise simple, but a little stouter than in Lithosia and the porrect palpi
are larger, extending a little farther out beyond the front.
" Body as in Lithosia. Primaries narrow oblong, one third as broad
as long. Costa convex, apex subrectangular, outer edge very straight,
one fourth as long as inner edge. Nervures remarkably equidistant.
Costal midway between the marginal and subcostal nervure, ist sub-
costal very short, arising remote from the second, and terminating on
the costal, which last is very long. 2nd terminating on costa, oppo-
site the fork of the 3d, which last encloses a long narrow apical in-
terspace ; 5th independent. But hvo median tiervules, the nervure
subdividing much within the middle of the wing.
"Secondaries broad triangular, reaching beyond the tip of the ab-
domen, of much the same form as in Lithosia, but two median ner-
vules arising in the middle of the wing. Legs stouter than in
Lithosia with much larger spurs. Abomen with a prominent tuft.
"Not only of smaller size than Lithosia, but differing in the straight
outer edge of the primaries, and in the neuration, throughout ; since
Crambidia has one half shorter subcostal nervules, and the 5th is situ-
ated nearly in the middle of the wing ; and I can discover but two
median nervules, while Lithosia has three. Also in Lithosia, the
median nervure subdivides on the inner third of the secondaries ; in
our genus at the middle of the wing. When at rest the wings are
folded flat upon the abdomen, much as in Lithosia."
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 99.
l.-CRAMBIDIA PALLIDA. (PI. 7, fig. 16.)
Crambidia Pallida, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 99.
(1864.)
166 ZYGMNIDJE AND BOMBYCIDiE
Of a very uniform drab color, without any markings. Head and
thorax tinged a little darker, while the nervules are very slightly paler.
Secondaries very little paler than the front wings.
Expanse of Wings, 0.85-0. 90 inch ; lenglh of bodv, 0.35 inch.
Habitat. — ?. Mass. (Sanborn). ?. Brunswick, Maine, August
6th. Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 99.
The type of this species, from which the above figure was drawn,
was furnished by Mr. A. S. Packard, jun., to my friend H. Edwards,
of San Francisco.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 16T
2.-CLEMENSIA UMBRATA- (PI. 7, fig, 18.)*
Clemensia Umhrata, Packard, Ann. Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., p. 85,
(1872.)
^. — "White, with a grayish tinge. Head white with a few scat,
tared grey scales. Palpi whitish, lined with blackish inside, and tipped
slightly with black. An irregular, interrupted, wavy, slightly curved
line crosses the inner third of the wing, being most distinct on the
subcostal and median vein. A broad dark band crosses the outer third
of the wing, being broadest in the middle of the wing, where it is as
wide as the wing itself on the basal third ; its edges are very irregular;
it encloses an inner and a much larger outer discal black dot. Edge
of the wing with a marginal row of indistinct spots. Hind wings pale
gray. Beneath pale gray, forewings a little darker than hind wings,
the bands and spots obsolete.
Expanse of ivings, 0.90 inch. Length of body. 0.25 inch.
Habitat. — California (H. Edwards).
Differs from the Eastern C. albata (see p. 51) in the broad shade
crossing the forewings, while the general hue is duller, almost gray
white ; and the hind wings are grayish, while those oi albata are white.
Packard (loc. cit. )
The type of this species, taken near San Francisco, remains unfor-
tunately as a mutilated specimen, having been broken in its travels.
It is probably not rare, bat has been overlooked on account of its small
size.
* See p. 50 Ante.
168 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDjE
BOMBYCIDffi.
LITHOSIINS.
Genus EUSTIXIS. HUbner.
" Body slender, rather short. Palpi straight, slender, a little shorter
than the head ; third joint linear, conical at the tip, a little shorter
than the second. Antennae slender, setaceous very minutely pubes-
cent. Abdomen extending as far as or a little beyond the hind wings.
Legs slender ; hind tibiae with four long spurs. Wings long, narrow.
Fore wings very slightly convex in front, conical at the tip, with a
somewhat rounded angle behind ; the three inferior veins approximate
at the base. Hind wings with four inferior veins ; third approximate
at the base, fourth remote."
Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 253.
This genus bears a strong resemblance to the Ttneina, and might
readily be mistaken at first sight for a member of that group. Two
species are noted by Walker as found in the United States, though
Grote and Robinson in their catalogue of the Bombycida^ suggest that
they are probably identical. Having only one species before me, I
am not prepared to say which theory is correct. Both insects have
reddish secondaries and white primaries, the latter with numerous
small dots of black or brown. They may be distinguished thus :
Spots on primaries black, - - - - E. ptipula.
Spots on primaries reddish brown, - - - E. sub/erveiis-
l.-EUSTIXIS SUBFEPtVENS. (V\. 7, fig. 17.)
Miesd sub/ervens, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M., 528.
Mioza suhfcrvms, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 252. (1862.)
Mieza sub/erve7is, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 306. (1862.)
Eusiixis sub/ervens, G. & R. , Cat. Lep. N. Am. (1868.)
Head, thorax and patagia white, the latter red at the base. Palpi
salmon color. Thorax with a small central and two lateral red dots.
Abdomen, legs and body beneath, salmon color.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 RO
Primaries white, with two obHque bands of dark brownish-red spots.
The first band at the basal fourth of the wing consists of three spots;
the second band beyond the middle is somewhat curved and consists
of four spots. The outer third and costal region of the wings are
thickly dotted with reddish-brown scales.
Secondaries pale salmon color.
Beneath, all the wings are concolorous with the secondaries above.
Exptmse of wings, 0.90 inch. Length of body, 0.25 inch.
Habitat. — United States (Walker). Western Texas (Belfrage).
For my type of this species I am indebted to Mr. George Belfrage,
of Texas. Mr. Walker does not state in what part of the United States
the original type was taken, though it is not unlikely that it came from
Florida.
110 ZYGiENIDiE AND BOMBYCID.E
Genus LITHOSIA. Fabricius.
Head free, broad, finely scaled, smooth ; front nearly square ; vertex
broad. Eyes prominent. Palpi short, porrect.
Thorax globose, smooth. Abdomen slender, not reaching the end
of hind wings. Legs slender, smooth ; hind pair with two pair of
spurs.
Anterior wings very long and narrow ; three times as long as broad.
Costa nearly straight ; apex rounded ; outer margin slightly oblique ;
inner margin straight, nearly parallel with costa. Costal vein long-
Subcostal five-branched, ist thrown off near the base uniting with the
costal ; remaining branches thrown off in the following order, 5th,
2d, 3d, the latter being furcate ; 4th springs at the origin of 3d, and
with 5th goes to the outer margin. Median vein three-branched ; ist
and 2d united at the base ; 3d very long, distant from 2d, springing
near the base of the wing.
Posterior wings long, nearly twice as broad as the primaries ; outer
margin oblique, rounded ; costa straight. The wings folded round
the body when at rest.
The three American species may be tabulated thus :
Wings slate colored, ------ Z. argillacea.
Wings white.
Head white, ------ Z. Casta.
Head yellow, ------ C Cephalica.
l.-LITHOSIA AEGILLACEA. (Pl. 7, fig. 13.)
Lithosia argillacea, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 98.
(1864.)
Lithosia bicolor, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 74. (1864.)
5. — ?. " Slate color and yellow. Lustrous slate color. Palpi
yellow, with a few slate colored scales near the tips. Prothorax yellow,
continued on to the costa of the primaries on the upper and under
side of the wing, nearly to the apex. Costa of secondaries also tinged
OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill
with yellow. Coxse of the three pairs of legs yellow, as is also the
tip of the abdomen.''
Packard, (loc. cit.)
Expanse of Wings, i. lo inches ; leng/h of body, 0.32 inch.
Hadi/a/.—New England States; Cutler, Me.; July. (A. S. Pack-
ard, jun.) Andover, Mass., (Garland). Athabasca River, July (R.
Kennicott.
2.-LITH0SIA CEPHALICA. (Pi. 7, fig. 1.4)
Lithosia cephalica, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 3, p. 176.
(1870.)
6. — ?. White. Primaries above, and secondaries above and
beneath white, without markings. Primaries beneath, smoky. Head
fulvous yellow. Body white above, smoky beneath. Legs smoky.
Expanse of Wings, 0.90 inch; length of body, 0.30 inch.
Habitat. — Te.xas.
This insect was forwarded to me, along with many other interesting
forms, by j\Ir. Belfrage, of Waco, Te.xas. Grote (loc. cit.) states that
it has the form of L. casta, Sanborn, (with which I am unacquainted, )
" but is a smaller insect differing by the discolorous head."
3.-LITH0SIA CASTA. (^1- 7, fig. 15.)
Lithosia casta, Sanborn.
Lithosia casta, Packard, Guide St. Ins., p. 385, fig. 24. (1869.)
" Pure milk white, with a slight slate colored tings on the hind
wings, and is slate colored beneath especially on the hind wings. Just
behind the middle of the abdomen are tufts of tawny hairs and the tip
is white. (Packard loc. cit. )
Expanse ofivifigs, 1.25 inches. Length of body, 0.40 inch.
Habitat. — Berlin Falls, New Hampshire, Aug. 19 ; Ausable Chasm,
New York. (Sanborn.)
The figure is copied from that given by Dr. Packard. This species
is much larger than L. cephalica, is much more slate colored beneath,
and the head is white instead of yellow. It is still rare in collections.
1*12 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOilBYCID.E
3.-CALLIM0RPHA CLYMENE. (Pl. 7, fig. 19.)*
Hyper <. ompa dy7ncne. Esper sp. " Schm. IV., 22, 10, pi. 182 ; Noct.
103, fig. I. (1786.)
Haploa clj'/twie, Hiibner, Verz. p. 182, (181 6.)
PC. Colona, "Hiibner, Eur., fig. 135." H-Sch.
CaUimorpha Carolina, Harris Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 243. (1841.)
Hypercompa chmene, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 650. (1855.)
Hyporcovipa clymene, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 536.
(i860)
Hypercompa clymene, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. , p. 345-
(i860.)
Hypercompa clymene, Saund. , Syn. Can. Arct., p. 28. (1863.)
5 . — ? . Head and prothorax ochre yellow, the latter with two
black dots. Palpi ochre yellow, black at the tips. Patagia white,
edged with brown in fi'ont. Thorax white, slightly yellowish behind,
with a central broad brown stripe. Thorax beneath, and abdomen
above and below clear ochre yellow. Legs the same ; coxae of anterior
pair with a round black dot ; outer edge of anterior and middle pairs
dusky.
Anterior wings white ; inner edge, costa and outer margin edged
with dark brown, interrupted at the apex. A brown band crosses the
wing from the anal angle to the costa, about two-fifths from the base ;
from the centre of this band, a second brown band runs to the outer
margin just below the apex, dividing the wing into three principal
v.'hite patches. The basal patch is triangular ; that on the outer edge
is frequently divided near the apex into three unequal spots by the
brown nervules ; and the one on the costa is more or less clearly di-
vided into three sub-equal spots, by an expansion on the discal vein
of the brown costal margin, and by toothed enlargements of the brown
markings, between the discal vein and the apex.
Secondaries clear ochre yellow, with a brown spot near the outer
margin and anal angle. Walker states that this spot is sometimes sup
plemented with one or two others.
* See p. 61 aute.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 173
Beneath, all the wings are ochre yellow, the markings of the pri-
maries being reproduced except those on the margins of the wing.
Expanse of ivings, 2.00 inches ; Length of bodv, 0.70 inch.
Habilal. — New York (Jldwards, Grote). Canada (Bethune, Saun-
ders). Florida (Strecker, Chapman).
For my specimens of this species, I am indebted to my friend H.
Strecker, Esq., of Reading, Pa., who received them from Dr. A. W.
Chapman, who collected them near Apalachicola, Florida. Mr.
Strecker informs me that the six specimens received showed but slight
tendency to variation. The only variation in the three specimens
before me, is in the costo-apical spot, which in one instance, by the
extension of the notches on the brown costal margin is divided into
three unequal spots.
1T4 ZYG^NIDTE AND BOMBYCID.E
BOMBYCIDH.
AKCTIIDai.
Genus ECPANTHERIA. Hubner.
" Fore wings about one-third longer than the hind wings, with the
subcostal vein having a single marginal branch from the cell, and an-
other midway between the post-apical and inferior nervules ; the latter
arises a little exterior to the discal vein, and the former midway between
the apical nervulet and the second marginal. The median vein is
four-branched with the posterior moderately remote from the penulti-
mate. Hind wings as long as the abdomen, with the interior some-
times dilated and rather caudate, neuration arctiiasform.
•' Head small, depressed, smooth ; without ocelli. Face moderate,
retreating. Eyes rather small. Antennas serrated in the $ , simple in
the ? . Labial palpi short, not extending beyond the clypeus, rather
stout and porrected ; middle joint short, terminal joint very small.
Tongue rather thick, slightly longer than the anterior coxae.
" Body stout. Thorax globose, smooth with scales. Patagia
erected, overlapping the front of the mesothorax, nearly square. Breast
and abdomen smooth. Legs thick and smooth, the tibial spur of the
fore legs moderate, hind tibiae with two minute apical spurs."
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci: Phil., p. 523. (i860.)
This genus has but one representative in the United States, though
it is numerously represented in the more tropical portions of America.
It is unknown in Europe.
l.-ECPANTHERIA SCRIBONIA. (Pi. 7, fig. 20 5 , 21 ? )
P/ialcena scriSoma, Stoll, Supp., Cramer, Pap. Exot. , p. 177, p. 41,
fig- 3- (1787-)
Phalmna oadalissima, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 137.
tab. 69. (1797-)
Bombix cunegunda, De Beauvois, Ins. Afriq. et Amer. (1805.)
Ecpantheria scribonia, Hubner, Verz., p. 183. (181 6.)
Ardia scribonia, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 241. (184 1.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 115
Ecpanthcria scn'bom'a, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 689. (1855.)
Arctia oadatissima, Duncan, Nat. Lib. Ins., vol. V., p. 169; pi. 20,
fig. 4 ?. (1858.)
Ecpantheria scribonia, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p, 523.
(i860.)
Ecpanthcria scribotna, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 346.
(1862.)
Arclia scribonia, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg.. p. 349. (1862.)
Ecpantheria scribonia, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 22. (1863.)
Ecpanthcria scribonia, Saund., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., tarva, p. 28.
(1863.)
Ecpantheria scribonia, Riley, 4th Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 141,
fig, 63, larva, fig. 64 « ? b (5 . (1872.)
^. — Head white, front blackish blue. Prothorax, thorax and pa-
tagia white. The prothorax has two large steel blue patches edged
with black. The thorax has six similar smaller patches arranged in
two rows. The patagia have a patch on the inner edge, constricted in
the middle, the hindermost portion having a white centre. Abdomen
blue black above with a narrow yellowish lateral line ; whitish beneath
with a ventral and lateral row of minute black spots. Thorax beneath
white. Legs white ; coxae and inside of anterior pair steel blue. Tip
of tibia:? and tarsi of remainder of the legs steel blue, except the tarsi
of the hind pair which are partially white.
Wings white, thinly scaled, with many black spots showing metallic
blue reflections, especially on the costa. The spots on the primaries
are arranged as ibllows. A terminal, interspaceal series of lunate
spots. Five large spots on the costa enclosing a narrow white line.
The second of these from the base forms one of a transverse curved
band of four spots, of which the two near the inner margin have white
centres. Inside this band the wing is irregularly mottled with black.
The third costal spot forms one of a similar band of seven spots, of
which two lie at the end of the discal cell, and are black, while the
rest have white centres ; the one on the inner margin being partially
fused with the similar spot of the first band. There is a single spot
just outside the discal vein, and a series of four spots beginning at the
base of the 3rd median and going to the fourth costal spot. I'here is
also at the anal angle a large dark spot above and below the subme-
dian vein, from which a double row of spots parallel with the outer
margin goes towards the costa, the inner row extending only to the 1st
176 ZYG^NID.E AND BOMBYCID^
median vein, the outer one to the fifth costal spot. There is, besides,
a pupilled spot on the inner margin near the anal angle, and one im-
mediately above it inside the submedian vein. These spots form six
more or less perfect transverse bands.
Secondaries white, slightly caudate, with a terminal series of small
black spots on the outer margin, and a stripe of dusky hairs near the
inner margin, with faint traces of a discal dot.
? . — Much larger than $ , and paler colored. Nearly all the spots
on the primaries become black rings, with white centres; and the
thoracic markings also have white centres, being reduced to black
lines indicating the shape of the spots in $ . The abdomen is dark
ochre yellow above, with black spots at the sides, and a series of broad
transverse dorsal blackish-steel-blue bands, each with a central notch
in front. The abdomen is much stouter and the anal angle of the
secondaries less caudate, while the discal dot is distinct. The costa of
the primaries is also slightly more convex than in $ .
Expanse of ivings, 5 2.25 $ 3.25 inches; letigth 0/ body, 5 0.85,
$ 1.25 inches.
Habitat. — Atlantic States generally. Missouri (Riley). New York
(Grote). Virginia (Lyman). North Carolina (Shute.) Canada West
(Saunders). California.? (Boisduval). Southern States (Riley.)
Larva. — The following description is from the pen of C. V. Riley,
of St. Louis (loc. cit.) "Average length 2| inches. Head black,
polished, brownish at sides and below ; epistoma, antennce and palpi
more or less distinctly; glassy white, the joints of antennce marked with
light brown, cervical shield brown-black. Body above black, inclin-
ing to brown laterally ; bright reddish-brown at sutures, showing in
strong contrast, especially between joints 3 — 10 when the larva is
curled up, but scarcely visible when straightened and contracted. Ver-
rucose warts arranged as follows : On joint one, two each side of
cervical shield ; on jts. 2 and 3, a transverse row of 8 ; on jts. 4 — n
inclusive 12, the 4 on dorsum trapezoidal, the two anterior ones ap-
proaching nearest ; on jt. 12 a transverse row of six. Venter dull
purplish-brown, the legs of the same color, the legless joints with four
small verrucose warts. Hairs barbed, stiff, spine-like and jet black.''
" This worm feeds, mostly during the night, upon the wild sun-flower
( Heliatithus decapetalus), the different species of plantain {Plantagd),
and and willows. My friend J. A. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., thinks
it likewise feeds on Black Locust, as he has often found it beneath that
OF NORTH AMERICA. \11
tree and has fed it on the leaves. It comes to its growth in the fall,
and curls up and passes the winter in any shelter that it can find, being
especially fond of getting under the bark of old trees. In the spring
it feeds for a few days upon almost any green thing that presents itself,
and then forms a cocoon, casts its prickly skin, and becomes a chrysa-
lis. The chrysalis is black, and covered with a beautiful pruinescence.
It has a flattened blunt projection at the extremity, armed with a few
barbs and brisdes. In a few exceptional cases I have known this
species to go through all the transformations and produce the moth in
the fall. The chrysalis state lasts but a fortnight. "
Boisduval states that this species is found in California, as I suppose
on the authority of Mr. Lorquin, It has never been the good fortune
of myself or fellow Entomologists to verify this observation, though
the Wild Sun-Flower is abundant in many localities in the interior
of the State, but seldom visited by Entomologists ; and it is possible
that the insect may have been taken during some of the rambles of Mr.
Lorquin in these localities.
178 zyg^nidtE and bombycid^
ZYGa:NiN5;.
Genus HAKRISINA. Packard.
Wings extremely narrow. Hind wings ovate-lanceolate, narrower
than the fore wings ; length much less than that of the body ; length
of the fore wings somewhat more than that of the body. The disc of
the forewings closed by a very faint, irregular vein, with hvo disco-cejitral
nervuks ; subcostal vein with a single marginal nervule from the pos-
terior end of the disc and with the apical branch
In'fid near the tip of the wing or bifid with a long
fork. Median vein four-branched, with the pos-
terior scarcely remote from the penultimate. Fold of the wing
thickened from the base to the tip. Submedian with a short fork
at the base of the wing. Hind wings without costal nervure ; sub-
costal bifid, with an oblique discal vein arising near the base of the
lower branch, and angulated above the medio- superior nervule, where
it receives the discal fold. Median vein four-branched, with nervules
nearly equidistant.
Head rather small, free, smooth ; with large ocelli. Face smooth,
rounded, rather narrow. Eyes rather small, scarcely prominent. An-
tennae with bases approached, much shorter than the body, rather
deeply pectinated in the 3 , less pectinated in the ? . Palpi very min-
ute, filiform, drooping, with only two distinct joints ; terminal joint
acute. Tongue about as long as the thorax beneath.
Body extremely slender, cylintlrical, not metallic. Patagia cylindri-
cal, minute. Abdomen without lateral tubercle, tufted at the tip and
along the sides. Legs extremely slender ; fore tibiae without tibial
spur : hind tibice with two very minute apical spurs.''
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. i860.
The characteristic colors of this genus are black, with bright colored
prothorax. The three species found in the United States may be tabu-
lated thus :
Apical vein bifid with long fork.
Prothorax orange. - - - - - - H. amerkana.
Apical vein trifid near the tip.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 119
Prothorax black, ------ H. coracina.
Prothorax red-orange. - - - - - H. lexana.
"Under this name," says Dr. A. S. Packard, jun. ,* "may be
placed the Procris Americana of Dr. Harris, Aglaope Coracina, Clemens,
and another undescribed form from the Middle States, communicated
by Mr. F. G. Sanborn. Without attempting to improve upon Dr.
Clemens' excellent description of this genus, we would merely point
out some marked differences from Procris, Fabr. , and Aglaope, Latr.
From the latter genus Harris states that the Americana differs entirely.
With Fuessly's figure of Latreille's itifausla from Southern Europe
before us, which has broad wings and bright colors, and differs
throughout, we are convinced of BoisduvaFs mistake in referring our
species to it."'
" However it differs nearly as much from Procris Viiis and allies of
Europe. The wings are a third longer and much narrower, the apex
is much more rounded and the outer margin much more oblique.
One of the best distinctions lies in the very ovate secondaries oi Amer-
icana, owing to the convex outer edge, which in Procris and Ino as
well as ZygcEna, is angulated in the middle, thus giving the wing in
those genera a squarish appearance. The nervules are longer and
more parallel with the costa. When expanded the secondaries only
reach to the basal third of the abdomen, while in Procris they reach
to the basal two-thirds. The abdomen is remarkably square, a little
flattened and slightly spreading in the female of Harrisina, in Procris
it tapers gradually to an obtuse point.''
In thus separating these insects under a new generic name Dr.
Packard is undoubtedly right, but the new species {H. Sanborni) de-
scribed in the same paper belongs to Dr. Clemens' genus Acoloithtis,
and according to Mess. Grote and Robinson^.4. falsarius, Clemens.
In their Catalogue of the Lep. N. Am. Messrs. Grote and Robinson
place Americana and Coracina under the genus Acoloilhus, Clemens,
whicTi can scarcely be right, as the two genera, as described by Dr.
Clemens, differ very widely, not merely in the relative proportions of
the wings and abdomen, but also in the neuration and structure of the
antennae.
From a careful comparison of insects referable both to Acoloithus,
Clemens, and Harrisina, Packard, I am led to the conclusion that
* Proc. Essex Institute, April, 1864.
180 zyg.enid;e and bombycid/e
their separation generically is perfectly desirable, and that Dr. Clemens
erred only in supposing that the insects he described were referable to
Aglaope Latr. , when in reality they were generically distinct and should
have been separated under a new name. Thus Harrisina Packard=
Aglaope Clemens, but not Aglaope Latreille.
l-HARRISINA AMERICANA. (Pl. 7, fig. 6. Pi. 10, fig. 8, larva.)
Aglaope americana, Boisd. , Griff. Cuv. Reg. An. Lep. PI. 84 bis.
fig. II. (1832.)
Procris dispar, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. (1833.)
Procris americaiia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep. I. PI. 16, fig. 7.
(1836.)
Procris america7ta, Harris, Sill. Journal, vol. -^6. (1839.)
Procris americana, Harris, Ins. Inj, Veg., p. 236. (1841.)
Ctemichd {Aglaope) americana, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. II., 286.
(1854.)
Procris americana, Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. New York, p. 398.
(1856.)
Aglaope americana, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, (i860.)
Procris americana, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 2nd Ed., p. ■^'^d, fig.
163. (1862.)
Procris americana, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 134. (1862.)
Aglaope americana, Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 284.
(1862.)
Harrisitta americana, Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. (1864.)
Acoloithus americana, G, &. R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. (1868.)
Procris (Acol.) americana, Riley, 2d Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p.
855 %s. 58, 59. (1870.)
3 . — $ . Entire insect greenish black except the prothorax which
is orange yellow.
Expanse of wings, 0.95 inch ; length of body, 0.40 inch.
Habitat. — Massachusetts (Harris). Nev/ York (Fitch). Missouri
(Riley). Pennsylvania and Georgia (Clemens).
Larva (Riley, loc. cit. ) " The full grown larva measures rather
more than half an inch, and tapers a little towards each end. It is
of a sulphur yellow color, with a transverse row of six velvety-black
prickly tufts on each of the principal segments, the lower tufts being
OF NORTH AMERICA. 181
less distinct than those on the back. The first segment is entirely
black with a yellow edge, while the spots on segments 1 1 and 1 2
usually run into each other. Head small, brown, and retractile, being
usually hidden in the first segment. Fine scattering hairs anteriorly,
laterally and posteriorly. The young worm is of a very pale yellow,
covered with numerous fine white hairs, with a slight grayish brown
tint on the head, and with the fifth and seventh segments paler than
the rest, and having the black spots scarcely visible." The larva is
shown in Riley's figure 58 a, from which drawing I have reproduced
it on Plate 10, fig. 8 of this work.
This insect may be distinguished from A. faharius by its larger
size, different shaped wings, and by its distinct neuration. From H.
iexana which also has a colored prothorax, and from H. coracina
which is entirely black, it may readily be separated by the bifid instead
of trifid apical vein.
The following account of its habits is condensed from the interest-
ing paper of Mr. C. V. Riley (loc. cit. ) : The larvae may be found
in July and August feeding on the leaves of the Grape-vine. They
are gregarious, and when young leave the minor veins of the leaf un-
touched, but devour everything except the main ribs in their later
stages of growth. When full grown they disperse over the vines or
forsake them entirely, and spin a small, tough, whitish, flattened co-
coon, changing in about three days thereafter to chrysalis o 30 inch
long, broad flattened and of a light shiny yellowish-brown color.
Some of these chrysalides produce the moth in a few weeks, but the
majority are not evolved until the following spring, and thus the in-
sect is apparently double brooded.
2-HARRISINA TEXANA. N. s. (PI. 8, fig. 1.)
5 . — $ . Entire insect bluish black, except the prothorax which is
reddish orange, almost scarlet. The insect greatly resembles H. amer-
icana, and might readily be mistaken for the latter, but while the shape
of the wings is the same, the color is blue-black, instead of greenish-
black, the prothorax is much redder, and the apical vein is trifid instead
of bifid.
Expanse of wings, o. So inch ; length of body, 0.38 inch.
Jlabi/at.—Texn^ [Belfrage.] [Coll. Stretch.]
Collected on the wing May 5th and September 4th. From these
dates it is presumable that its habits are similar to those of //. ameri-
182 ZYGJESIBM AND BOMBYCID^E
cana. It is just possible that these insects may be identical with II.
coracind Clemens, which that author states was taken in Texas, and
the types of which are much rubbed ; yet it is scarcely probable that
all trace of the bright colored prothoraic scales would be obliterated,
and Dr. Clemens describes coracina as entirely black. The neuration
of the fore wings in texand corresponds with that of coracina, as given
by Clemens, and though I have been unable to compare the insect
above described with the types of coracina, I am strongly inclined to
the belief that they must be specifically distinct.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 183
ZYGEmBM.
ZYGEmiNE.
' Genus ACOLOITHUS. Clemens.
" The following insect greatly resembles americaria in appearance
and almost exactly in ornamentation. It must however be very dis-
tinct from it. The wings are extremely narrow. Hind wings broader
than the fore wings, less ovate than in ameruana,
and rounded at the interior basal angle ; length
rather more than that of the body. The disc of the
wing is closed by a faint, irregularly oblique vein, with one
disco-central nervule, and angulated at the medio-superior nerv'ule,
where it receives a rather faint discal fold. The subcostal vein with
three equidistant, moderately erect marginal nervules frojji the disc,
with the apical vein simple. Median vein four-branched, with the pos-
terior nervule and the marginal opposite at their origins. The fold is
thickened and the submedian vein simple. In the hind wings the sub-
costal vein shows a tendency to separate into two veins from its point
of bifurcation towards the base of the wing and resembling two veins
crossing each other, exterior to the point of bifurcation and a little
behind the middle of the lower branch arises a decided, curved discal
vein, which receives, just above the medio-superior nervule, a decided
or thickened discal fold. The median vein is four-branched, with the
two posterior branches equidistant from the second one.
" Head moderate, free, smooth ; with large ocelli. Face broad,
rounded. Eyes rather small, round and scarcely prominent. Antennae
nearly as long as the body, moderately pectinated in the 6 , minutely
pectinated in the ? . Palpi equal to the front, filiform, porrected, dis-
tinctly three-Jointed, and with the joints nearly equal ; terminal joint
obtuse. Tongue about half as long as the thorax beneath.
" Body short, rather slender, not metallic. Patagia very minute.
Abdomen as long as the thorax beneath, not tufted at the tip and
scarcely tufted along the sides, with a minute lateral tubercle on the
basal segment. Legs extremely slender and rather short ; fore tibiae
184 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDjE
with a slender tibial spur from the middle ; hind tibiae with two min-
ute apical spurs."
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. i860.
This genus differs from Harrisina [q. v.] in the different form of
the primaries, which are proportionally shorter, having a more con-
vex costa and a different neuration ; also in the form of the secondaries
which nearly equal the primaries in length and are quite equal to them
in breadth ; in the length of the abdomen, which reaches about to the
end of the hind wings ; and also in the antennae which have much
shorter and coarser pectinations. The style of coloration is similar,
being black with a bright colored prothorax, and is much nearer Pro-
cf'ts of Europe than is Harrisina. The only known spectes is much
smaller than any of its allies. Dr. A. S. Packard, jun., included it in
his genus Harrisitia, as we think erroneously.
l.-ACOLOITHUS FALSARIUS. (Pi. 7, fig. .)
Acoloithus falsarius, Clems., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 540.
[i860.]
Procris /aharius, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 134. [1862.]
Acoloithtis falsarius, Clems., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 283.
[1862.]
Harrisina Sanborni, Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. [1864.]
5 .— ? . Entire insect deep blue black, with the prothorax orange,
hind wings rather thin.
Expanse of ivings, 0.60 inch ; length of body, o 20 inch.
Habitat. — Texas [Belfrage]. Pennsylvania [Clemens]. Illinois
[Kennicott]. Missouri [Riley].
The insect figured was received from Mr. Belfrage, of Texas.
Though so closely allied in color to the various species of Harrisina,
it may readily be separated by the generic characters.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 185
BOMBYCIDai.
ARCTIIN^E.
Genus EUCHSITES. Harris.
" Fore wings rather broad, trigonate. The subcostal vein gives rise
to fwo marginal nervules from the posterior part of the disc, and be-
tween the second marginal nervule and the apical is formed a short
costal cell. The post apical nervule arises midway between the costal
cell and apical nervulet. The discal vein is angulated and the sub-
costo inferior are given off from a common point. The median vein
is four-branched, the posterior nervule moderately remote from the
penultimate. Hind wings as broad as the fore wings, with the neura-
tion common to the family."
" Head moderate, depressed ; with ocelli. Face inclined. Eyes
small. Antennae slightly pectinated in 3 , serrated in ? . Labial palpi
rather stout and ascending on the face nearly to base of the antennae ;
basal and middle joints nearly equal ; terminal short, three or four
times less long than the middle joint. Tongue rather longer than the
anterior coxae."
' ' Body short or moderate. Thorax rather woolly; abdomen smooth.
Legs with hairy femora ; anterior tibiae nearly as long as the anterior
tarsi ; internal spur concealed and half as long as the tibiae ; hind tibiae
with two pairs of spurs."
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 532 (i860).
The five species found in the United States may be tabulated thus :
Abdomen yellow.
Wings stone color. ----- jE*. egle.
Wings dirty white. - - - - - E. oregonensis.
Wings milk white. - - - - - E. collaris.
Abdomen rose color.
Wings pure white. E. elegans.
Wings blueish cinereous, costa yellow. - E. egleftensis.
1.— EUCH.ffi;TES EGLE. (Pi. 8, fig. 4 $ .)
Bombyx egle, Drury, 111. Nat. Hist. H., p. 36. pi. 20, fig. 3- (1773.)
Spilosoma egle, Westwood, Ed. Drury (1837.)
186 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE.
EuchcEles egle, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 257. (1841.)
Spilosoma egle, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III. p. 669. (1855.)
Euchceiesegk, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 532. (i860.)
Spilosoina egle, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 343. (1862.)
Euchcctes egle, Harris, 3d Ed. Ins. Inj. Veg. fig. 172 larva, 173
cocoon, 1 74 pupa. (1862.)
EuchcEtes egle, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 130. (1864.)
Euchcetes egle Harris' Corn, p. 288, pi. 2, fig. 5, (larva.) (1869.)
<5 . ? . — Entire insect both above and below soft blueish-gray or
stone color. Fringes paler.
Abdomen dirty yellow ochre above, paler beneath ; with a dorsal
and double lateral row of small black spots.
Expatise 0/ wings 1.75 inches ; length of body, 0.60 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States generally. Canada [Saunders].
Larva. — "Feeds on milkweed [asclepias syriaca); is gregarious,
feeding in parallel lines or files on the under side of the leaves, eating
the leaves. from the edges. August 20th."
' ' Head and body black, with a narrow, white, lateral line and six-
teen legs. Head incurved, and first four segments arched upward, in
repose. Each segment with a transverse series of short, stellated tufts
of whitish hairs ; second and third segments each with four black pen-
cils curving over the head, and nearly horizontal in repose ; fourth seg-
ment with a short, dorsal tuft of black hairs, covered on each side by
an erect, conniving pencil of black hairs before, and a shorter, in-
curved, white tuft behind ; a horizontal white pencil on each side above
the white lateral line ; fifth to ninth segments, inclusive, each with a
dorsal black tuft, covered at the sides before by a dark orange, and be-
hind by a lighter orange, or pale yellow, incurved, longer tuft ; on
each side above the white lateral line a horizontal black pencil ; tenth
segment with a central black tuft, covered before by a deep orange,
incurved tuft, and behind by a snow white one, also incurved or con-
nivent, and on each side, instead of the black horizontal pencil, a
]onger white pencil. Eleventh segment with a dorsal black tuft cov-
ered, as on the fourth, with two erect, connivent (but not incurved).
black pencils before, and shorter white, incurved ones behind ; lateral
pencil black. Twelfth or anal segment with a dorsal jet black tuft,
covered on each side by a longer, incurved, black pencil ; no lateral
pencil.
" The short lateral tufts are jet black. The pencils are of a black
color, not nearly so intense. " (Harris Corr. p. 288. 1869.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 181
The typical form of this species is readily distinguished from all its
congeners by its dark color ; while the albino form spoken of by east-
ern Entomologists, but which I have never seen, may be distinguished
from E. colldris, with which, as I have stated under that species, it has
probably been confounded, by the different structure of the two insects,
as well as by the coloration of the body parts. This albino approaches
much more nearly to E. oregone?tsis, though the latter is probably dis-
tinct. The knowledge of its preparatory states can, however, alone
definitely decide the question. Dr. Packard states that Mr. Shurtleif
raised an insect which corresponded well with Dr. Fitch's H. collaris
from a brood of E. egle, but if the insect subsequently described in
these pages as E. collaris, and of this I have little doubt, as Dr. Fitch's
description is exactly filled, the limit of the term "species" will have
to be greatly extended, as the two insects are structurally different, and
present a greater variation than do alypia octomaculata and Langtonii,
Arctia virgo and Satmdersn, and other insects whose specific difference
has been accepted.
2.-EUCH.ffi;TES OREGONENSIS. N. s. (PI. 8, tig. 7 $ .)
$. — Head bright yellow ochre, clypeus white. Eyes black.
Palpi dusky at tips, yellowish at the base. Antenuce white, pectinations
black. Prothorax dusky white, yellowish at the sides. Thorax and
patagia dusky white, paler than prothorax. Abdomen slender, bright
yelloiv ochre above, terminal segment and beneath whitish. A dorsal
series of small velvety black spots, and a lateral row of similar spots
of much reduced size. Legs whitish, dusky above ; tibiaj and tarsi of
anterior pair blackish ; coxa; of the same pair dusky, margined with
yellow.
Wings above dirty white ; anterior pair somewhat the darkest, with
paler veins. Fringes silky white.
Beneath as above, except that the interspaces of the primaries are
inclined to smoky, especially near the costa. ? . unknown.
Expaiise of wings, 1.60 inch ; length of body, 0.60 inch.
Habitat. — Oregon. (Coll. Stretch.)
For the type of this species, I am indebted to the kindness of Lord
Walsingham, who captured the single specimen above referred to, in
Oregon, during his recent trip to the Pacific Coast. In form it ap-
proaches nearest to E. egle, from which it differs not merely in the
color of the wings, but also by the slenderer abdomen, and the bright
188 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
yellow head. Were it not for these latter differences, it might be con-
sidered an albino of E. egle, though the typical form of that species is
yet unknown from the Pacific Coast.
3.-EUCH5;TES COLLARIS. (PI- 8. fig- 5. 5 •)
Hyphantria collaris , Fitch, 3d Rept. Ins. N. York, p. 265. (1856.)
Tanada antica, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M.
Spilosoma collaris, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 314. (i860.)
Ardia sciurus, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. , vol. 12, p. 79.
(1868.)
6 . — White. Head pale yellow ochre. Eyes black. Palpi pale
ochre beneath ; above and at the tips, black. Antennae white, pectin"
ations black. Prothorax and patagia yellow ochre, the latter whitish
behind. Thorax white. Abdomen slender, whitish, with the ouier
half oi each segment above yellowish. A dorsal series of black, seg-
mentary spots, and a double lateral series of similar spots, the lower
row being the smallest. Legs white above, dusky beneath ; coxse of
the anterior pair, yellow ochre.
Wings pure milk white. Basal half of the costa of the primaries
yellow ochre, most intense near the base of the wing.
Beneath, as above ; except that the discal area of the primaries is
smoky ; while all the primaries, and the costa of the secondaries, have
a yellowish tinge.
$ . — Similar to 5 , but somewhat smaller, and wanting the yellow
color at the base of the primaries.
Expanse of wings. — 3 . 1.60- 1.80 $ 1.4 0-1.70 inches ; length of
body, 0.60, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Mississippi (Fitch). Pennsylvania, (Strecker). Canada
(Saunders). California (H. Edwards).
The specimen from which the accompanying figure was drawn, was
taken by my friend H. Edwards, Esq., near Yosemite Valley, California.
The insect was not uncommon in that locality, but apparently local.
Specimens differing in nothing but somewhat inferior size, were for-
warded from Pennsylvania by H. Strecker, Esq., (in response to a re-
quest for the white variety of E. egle, ) with the remark that it was not
uncommon in certain places, but that he had never seen typical speci-
mens of E. egle in that neighborhood. E. egle (type) is yet unknown
in California. From these circumstances and a comparison of the
insects, I am satisfied that the I/, collaris o( Fitch has been confounded
' OF NORTH AMERICA. 189
with an albino from E. egle, and that the insect now under consider-
ation is specifically distinct, exhibiting not merely colorational but also
structural differences, although Dr. Packard states, (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., p. 130, 1864), that "from the same brood of larvae, Mr. Shurt-
leff has raised both the typical forms, (of E. egle), and a white variety
which agrees well with Dr. Fitch's description of Hyphantria collaris.'"
Six specimens of E. collaris, three from California and three from
Pennsylvania, show the following points of difference as compared
with three specimens of E. egle : The costa is more convex, and the
width of the primaries, as compared with their length, is greater ; the
posterior wings are more ample ; the body is much slenderer, especially
in the ? , which also wants the woolly tuft so conspicuous in E. egle.
These differences, which fully warrant Boisduval's "statura gracilior,"
would indicate its specific difference independently of the marked dis-
similarity in color. I am therefore forced to the conclusion that writers
who were unacquainted with this form, have sought, and suspected
that they had found the Hyphantria collaris of Dr. Fitch, in albino
forms of E. egle.
Its early stages are, unfortunately, unknown, though Mr. Strecker
writes me that the milkweed {asclepias) is common where the speci-
mens which he sent were taken. The history of this species now be-
comes an interesting question, and one which will, I trust, engage the
attention of persons living where collaris and its congener egle are
abundant. With our present knowledge of the imago only, it requires
a very broad interpretation of the term "species'" to include them un-
der the same specific name.
4 -EUCH.ffi:TES EIEGANS. N. S. (Plate 8, fig. 6, ^ .,
3 . — White. Head and palpi white, the latter rosy at the base, and
the former very narrowly rosy behind, particularly near the eyes. An-
tennae white, pectinations black. Prothorax patagia, and thorax white.
Abdomen rosy above, dusky white beneath, with a faint dorsal row of
whitish spots, centered with dusky, and a lateral row of black spots.
Legs whitish, with the coxae of the anterior pair pale rosy.
Wings pure glossy white, immaculate.
? . — Similar to 5 , except that the colors of the abdomen are less
distinct, and the last segment of the abdomen is tufted with dense
whitish hairs, somewhat as in E. egle ? .
190 ZYGJE.'NlbM AND BOMBYCIDiE
Expanse of wings, $ . ? 1.45 inches ; /eng/k of body 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — Owen's Valley, California, (Coll. Stretch.)
Described from i 5 ? in good preservation. In the form of the
wings and general structure of the body, this species closely resembles
E. egle and oregonensis, but the wings are narrower than in E. collaris.
The color of the abdomen separates it readily from its allies found in
the United States, though" there is a very similar Mexican species with
a rosy head. Habits unknown.
OF NORTH AMERICA, 191
BOMBYCID^.
ARCTIIN^.
Genus ANTARCTIA. Hlibner.
" <5 . — Head very prominent, owing to the long frontal hairs, which
form a conical horizontal tuft. Antennae with long even pectinations.
Palpi porrect, long and slender ; the tips acute, projecting beyond the
front. Thorax very pilose, remarkably stout, while the abdomen is
short conical, rapidly tapering to the subacute tip. The scales of the
prothorax are hardly distinguishable from those of the rest of the
thorax."
' ' Primaries a little more than one-half as broad as long, being short,
broad and oblong. Costa straight, apex obtusely rectangular. Outer
margin straight, suddenly bending around near the inner angle. Cos-
tal nervure long, terminating near the ist and 2nd subcostals. Origin
of 4th very remote from 5th, arising near the outer margin. First
three median nervules ari.se much beyond the middle of the wing ;
the 3rd being close to the ist and 2nd.'" ^
"Secondaries reach farther towards the tip of the abdomen than
usual. Costa long, and straight ; apex rounded, a little produced ;
outer edge long, convex, not bent in the middle. The three median
nervules arise very near together, slightly angulated at their origins."
" Legs somewhat slender, long, pilose. Body beneath very pilose.',
" Coloration uniform tawny, with no markings except discal dots and
transverse bands of black dots.''
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 122.
? . — Very different structurally from the 6 ; antennae very minutely
pectinated, almost simple. Thorax above and below nearly smooth,
abdomen finely scaled. Anterior wings, with costa more convex than
in 5 , and the outer margin more oblique, making the tip more acute.
Of this genus Dr. Packard says : "In form this genus closely re-
sembles Lederer's genus Ocnogyna in the much produced prominent
head, owing to the length of the frontal hairs ; in the deeply pectinated
large stout antennae ; the short broad wings and very short wooly body
and short abdomen. The costa of the primaries is remarkably straight;
the outer edce straight, making the apex rectangular, but they differ
192 zyg^nidjE and bombyciC.*:
from the above mentioned genus. The peculiar coloration is abnor-
mal in this family. It was this, besides the short woolly body and
short broadly pectinated antennae, that most probably led Hiibner to
place it near Clisiocampa in his ' Verzeichniss.' "
Dr. Packard was apparently unacquainted with the ? , which difilers
so strikingly from the $> that it might readily be mistaken for another
genus. In appearance it resembles Phragmatohia, the body being
nearly smooth, and the wings inclined to transparency. The 5 diifers
widely from Phragmatohia.
The only American representavies of the genus are found in Cali"
fornia, and are remarkable for the extreme variability of their coloring,
scarcely two specimens, especially of the males, being exactly alike.
In this respect the genus resembles its close ally Leptardia, and the
determination of the species becomes a task of great difficulty and
uncertainty.
l.-ANTARCTIA VAGANS. (Pi. 8, fig. 8, 9, 10, 5 11, 12, ? .)
Ardiavagaiis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1852.)
Nemeophtla rufula, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, p. 32.
(1855-)
Antardia punctata, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 123.
(i860.)
Ardiavagans, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 28. (1868-9.)
Ardiavagans, Boisd., " " " " " p. 79- (1868-9.)
Ardiarii/ula,'S,o\s±, " " " " " p. 79. (1868-9.)
Nemeophtla rufula, G. & R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. Pt. i. (1868.)
Phragmatohia vagans; G. & R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. Pt. i. (1868.)
5 . — Head, thorax and abdomen above and below very hairy, con-
colorous with anterior wings, the abdomen rather palest. Palpi and
breast round the head blackish. Antennas, stalk concolorous with
primaries, pectinations black. Legs concolorous with thorax. Fem-
ora of anterior pair pinkish inwardly. Tibiae blackish inside.
Anterior wings pale drab, stone color, fawn color, mouse color or
blackish, and all intermediate shades, with concolorous fringes, and
marked as follows with dark blackish brown. A small dot on the dis-
cal vein and one at the base of 2nd median nervule. A narrow outer
band, interrupted below 4th median, consisting of spots partially
coalescing, commencing a little outside the middle of the inner margin,
running obliquely towards the apex ; at the 2nd median it curves
OF NORTH AMERICA. 193
rapidly toward the costa, on approaching which it is deflected sharply
towards the base of the wing. Inside the discal dot is a second band,
less prominent than the first, consisting of cloudy spots, originating
near the outer band on the inner margin, going direct to the median
vein between the 3rd and 4th nervules, where it bends inward towards
the costa. There is likewise an indistinct basal band consisting of four
or five cloudy spots, most conspicuous near the costa. It is only in ex-
ceptional cases that all these markings are present. The basal band is
most subject to obliteration, then the median band, and least frequently
the outer band, while the discal dot is almost always distinct, but the
wings are sometimes immaculate.
Secondaries smoky black, with the fringes and a very narrow outer
margin concolorous with primaries. Discal dot deep black. From
this type the wings vary to a tint uniform with the primaries, the discal
dot being, however, almost always present. The least persistent black
shades are the interspaces of the median nervules. The last to disap-
pear are the interspaces between the principal veins at the base of the
wing and an irregular submarginal band. The loss of color on the
secondaries appears to have no connection with the obsolescence of the
spots on the primaries, as insects with all the markings present on the
primaries sometimes have pale secondaries, and vice versa.
Beneath, the primaries are concolorous with upper surface, the two
discal dots blending into one larger and more conspicuous spot, with
traces on the costa of the two principal bands. Secondaries either
black as described in the type or concolorous with primaries above,
and the discal spot conspicuous. There does not appear to be the
same gradual obsolescence of the black beneath as above, the second-
aries being either all black or all pale, though no rule seems to gov-
ern the color, as specimens black above are sometimes pale and some-
times black beneath, but specimens pale above are never black beneath.
$ . — Smaller than $ , more finely scaled, thorax smooth, abdomen
very finely scaled. Head, thorax, abdomen, palpi and legs concolorous
with primaries, the thorax beneath being usually a shade paler than
above.
Primaries varying from a clear brick red to reddish brown, never
pale stone color, usually darkest along the costa. The discal dot is
usually present, or indicated by a darker shade, and there are some-
times, but not often, traces of the outer band.
Secondaries smoky black, with fringes and narrow outer margin con-
colorous with primaries ; never pale.
194 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
Beneath, concolorous with primaries, secondaries never black ; the
discal dot is present on all the wings, and there are occasionally traces
on the secondaries of a black marginal band.
The ? varies chiefly in the tint of the ground color, and not in the
ornamentation, which is more constant than in S .
Expanse of tvings, $ 3 1.30 to 1.50 inches; lettgih 0/ body, o. do
to 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — California generally.
■ Larva. — $, . Length about 1.25 inches. Head reddish brov^^n ;
front black ; suture between the lobes pale ; oral appendages reddish
brown. Legs reddish brown, abdominal legs flesh colored, dusky at
the base and hairy outwardly. Body deep velvety black above, paler
beneath, with very faint traces of a yellow lateral stripe. Stigmata
white, very small. Body covered with tubercles, those on the dorsum
black, those on the sides whitish centrally. The black dorsal tubercles
carry tufts of uneven, stiff, radiating, deep glossy black hairs, mixed
with rusty hairs on segments i, 2 and 3. The lateral tubercles carry
similar hairs of a pale dirty color somewhat inclined to rusty, but not
showing the decided red tinge of those on the back. The termijial
segments have the hairs somewhat longer, and on segments i and 3
there are a few very long pale scattered silky hairs.
? . — Differs from the 5 in having the sides of the body more de-
cidedly speckled with yellow, the lateral tubercles more distinctly pale,
and all the black tufts of hairs on the back are mixed with hairs con-
colorous with those on the sides, giving the larva a paler and dirtier
appearance.
This larva bears a strong resemblance to the young larva of L. acraa.
It feeds on the various species of Lupin (so abundant in California)
and thisdes indiscriminately ; is full fed about the middle of August,
when it spins a thin cocoon among the dead leaves on the ground,
working up into the cocoon the grains of sand or fragments of leaves
adjacent to it. The insect is single brooded, appearing on the wing in
April and May, and comes freely to light.
I do not remember to have seen any notice of a discrepancy in the
larval coloration of the two sexes, but it is quite marked in the species
under consideration. From whatever cause, the variation in the colors
of many Californian insects is very remarkable, and fully as great in
Antarctia as in Leptardia. While discussing this question my friend
H. Edwards suggested the propriety of separating these two varieties of
the larva, to see if the result would throw any light on Boisduval's two
OF NORTH AMERICA. 195
species, vagans and rufula, which we had been unable to satisfactorily
identify. The experiment was tried, with the unexpected result that
one box produced all males conforming to Packard's genus Antardia,
and the other box all females much more strikingly like Phrdgmalobia,
but which former experience told us were only the two sexes of the
same species.
After raising a long suite of these insects from the larva, I am forced
to the conclusion that Boisduval's vagans and rufula and Packard's
punctata are all the same insect in some of its different varieties, though
Boisduval says o{ vagans, "size of very small specimens o{ fuliginosa ''
Boisduval relies upon a blackish line outside the central dot, to separate
rufula from vagans and says of vagans ' ' always pale beneath, " but I
have raised from the same lot of larvae, collected on the same bush,
specimens in which the blackish line is present and others in which it
is wanting, and have before me, while writing, upwards of sixty speci-
mens with every conceivable intergradation. I am, however, strongly of
the opinion that there is yet an unseparated species, in which the hind
wings are «^z;er </«jy^ and which may possibly be the A. punctata q{
Packard as described in the first paragraph, though the specimens al-
luded to as received from Mr. Edwards, and having dusky secondaries,
are undoubtedly .4. vagans Boisduval. In a genus so liable to variation
it is not safe to erect a new species on two or three specimens, especially
where they offer many characters common to one already described,
but my friend, H. Edwards, possesses several specimens from the high
Sierras, which I suspect are specifically distinct. They are smaller in
size, the secondaries are concolorous with primaries, and the markings
more constant ; but while the general appearance is different, it is very
difficult to define in intelligible words, what strikes the eye at once in
looking at them.
196 ZYGiENlDjE AND BOMBYCID^
B0MBYCID5;.
COCHLIDIINJ;.
Genus LITHACODES. Packard.
" Body slenderer than usual. Head large, vertex nearly continuous
with the thorax. Front long quadrate. Antennae long simple, fili*
form. Palpi very long, curved upwards in front of the clypeus,
reaching above the vertex, the third joint long, acute. Fore wings long
and narrow, more regularly oblong than in any of the other genera ;
costa hardly convex, outer margin nearly straight, suddenly rounded
at the internal angle ; inner edge very full at the base, ist and 2nd
subcostals short ; upper branch of the 3rd subcostal long, so that the
apical interspace is much longer and narrower than in Liviacodes^
Apex of the secondaries rounded, outer margin full and rounded.
Spines of the hind tibiae large and stout. Genital armor much longer
than in Lmacodes. This genus reminds us strongly of Hubner's genus
Lithacodia!'
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 345. (1864.)
The species of this genus are small brown moths, and have a wide
geographical range in America. The two species found in the United
States may be separated thus :
Anterior wings with (?«^ transverse fascia, - - L.fasciola.
Anterior wings with two transverse fasciae, - - Z. redilinea.
LITHACODES RECTILINEA. d*!- «. Sg- 13, ? .)
Lmacodes {liihacodes) rectilinea, G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vol.
2, p. 188, pi. 2, fig. 61 6*. (1868.)
^ , $ . — " Ocherous. Basal half of the primaries evenly and en-
tirely ocherous brown. A median, nearly straight and even trans-
verse dark wood-brown line, edged within by a whitish shade. This
is the prominent inner margin of the usual inverse Y-shaped mark.
A corresponding line runs from the costa before the apex outwardly,
joining the external margin a little below the middle. The ocherous
*G. Si R.'s figure is incorrectly quoted on p. 188, (loc. cit.) as fig. 62.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 191
ground color of the wings appears beyond this line over the apex, and
forms an inconspicuous spot at the internal angle. The space included
between the lines is paler than the rest of the wing, appearing as if
washed with whitish, which latter shade seems to be spread outwardly
from the median line. Secondaries very dark wood brown, immacu-
late. Fringes ocherous. Beneath ocherous brown, a little clearer
colored along the costa. Head, thorax and appendages ocherous
brown ; abdomen a little darker.
Var. a. — A specimen has the lines of the primaries above obsolete ;
the white shading is prominently expressed and leaves as usual the
apex and a Smaller space at the internal angle free. " (G. & R. loc. cit.)
Expanse of wings, o. 90 inch ; leiigth of body, o. 3 5 inch.
Habitat. — South Carolina (Zimmerman, coll. Mus. Berol. ) Texas
(Belfrage, coll. Stretch, Edwards. )
The specimens above referred to from Texas, agree with the descrip-
tion quoted, except in the pale color of the secondaries, which can
scarcely be called dark, being somewhat paler than the basal half of
the primaries, and the nearly complete obsolescence of the spot at the
anal angle of the anterior wings. These differences are not sufficient
to warrant their separation specifically.
"Longer than 'L. /asciola, H.-S. , and at once distinguishable by
the paler color and straighter median line of the fore wings above.
The palpi are prominent, as in L. /asciola, and the wings similarly
shaped. L. rectilinea appears to us intermediate between L. biguttata,
Packard, ox x^iihex L.y-inversa, Packard, and L. f asciola, and to evi-
dence the position of the latter as belonging to this genus. " G. & R.
loc. cit.
The specimens received from Mr. Belfrage were taken in May, and
according to that gentleman the insect is frequently attracted by lights,
in company with the other small Cochlidiince found in the same neigh-
bourhood.
2.-LITHAC0DES FASCIOLA. (PL 8. fig. u, $ .)
Limacodes /asciola, H.-S., Lep. Exot. sp. Ser. I., fig. 186. (1854.)
Lima codes /asciola. Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. V., p. 1148. (1855.)
Limacodes laticlavia, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 157.
(i860.)
Limacodes {P) /asciola, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 127. (1862.)
Limacodes laticlavia, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 128. (1862.)
198 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
Lithacodes fasciola, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 346,
(1864.)
Lithacodes fasciola, Packard, Guide. Stu. Ins., p. 290, fig. 221.
$, . $ . — " Head, thorax and abdomen reddish ocherous. Anterior
wings dark ocherous yellow to reddish brown, with an oblique silvery
band, inclined towards the base of the wings, fi-om the costa to the
middle of the inner margin, and toothed toward the base on the sub-
median nervure or fold. A rather faint reddish-brown line extends
from the costal origin of the silvery band to the hind margin beneath
the middle. Hind wings pale ocherous yellow."
" Var. (?). Imago brownish luteous, sometimes inclining to yel-
lowish. Fore wings with an oblique silvery band from the costa to
the middle of the inner margin, toothed on the submedian fold, and
shaded behind iviih blackish broivn, with a blackish brown line from the
costal origin of the silvery band to the hind margin beneath the middle.
Hind wings dark broivn, yellowish at the base." Clemens, (loc. cit.)
Expanse of wings, 0.60 — 0.70 inch ; length of body, 0.30 inch.
Habitat. — New York (Grote). Boston (Sanborn). Illinois, (Ken-
nicott, Clemens). Texas (Belfrage).
Larva. — " Outline elliptical, somewhat pointed behind; body flat-
tened, with the sides curving from a central ridge, flattened above.
The ridge has a vertical elevation at its sides, growing less and less
before and behind, and terminates in front in a rounded margin, and
behind in an obtuse short spine. The body is smooth, with no dis-
tinct defined papulae, but the edges of the ridge and the oudine of the
body are thrown into folds, subcrenated. The body is thickest in the
middle, whence it curves anteriorly and posteriorly. General color of
the body is pale green and dotted with numerous yellow points. Cen-
tral ridge is bordered in front with yellow. "
" The larva feeds on the underside of the leaf of maple in Septem-
ber, and the i7nag9 appears in the spring. There is doubtless a spring
brood of larvse." Clemens, (loc. cit.)
The above description of the larva is given by the writer as belong-
\\-\<y to the type of his L. laticlavia, it being evident that he was unac-
quainted with the larva of the variety with blackish bands on the prima-
ries of the imago. The specimen here figured was received from Mr.
Belfrage, of Texas, along with others, all of which show the blackish
band on the primaries more or less distinctly, and in this respect cor-
respond more closely with the "var.'' of Dr. Clemens, than with his
OF NORTH AMERICA. 199
type ; but the secondaries are uniform pale as in the type, instead
of dark brown as in the "var." These differences do not seem
sufficient to warrant the specific separation of these two forms,
especially as Mr. Grote states that in L. redilinea, the black shading to
the white band is sometimes absent, while in both species it is the white
transverse bands which afford the most striking and constant specific
characters, and these appear liable to but little variation.
Mr. Belfrage states that the insect is found in Texas, from May to
September, and is frequently taken at lights in company with L. recti-
linea, and other species apparently referable to Adoneta.
200 ZYGiENIDA AND BOMBYCIDA
B0MBYCID5:.
COCHLIDIIN^.
Genus LIMACODES. Latrellle.
Head moderate, sunk in thorax, not prominent from above, being
somewhat concealed by the thorax, thus differing from Liihacodes which
has the head prominent. Thorax hairy, with its component parts badly
defined ; in Lithacodes the thorax is smooth and patagia distinct. An-
tennae long, slender, minutely serrate, basal joint smaller than in Litha-
codes. Palpi stouter than in Lithacodes, porrect, extending beyond front.
Body moderately stout, stouter than in Lithacodes, extending to or
beyond the hind wings.
Anterior wings moderately long. Costa straight, apex distinct, prom-
inent ; outer margin slightly convex ; inner angle rounded. Inner
margin very full and square at base, making it nearly parallel with
costa. The wings are more triangular than in Lithacodes, owing to the
more unequal length of the sides. Secondaries equal in width to pri-
maries, outer margin rounded, tolerably full, apex subacute, less
rounded than in Lithacodes. Upper branch of 3rd subcostal in prima-
ries short, making the apical space much shorter than in Lithacodes.
Larva onisciform.
l.-LIMACODES SCAPHA. (K- 8, fig. 15, $, .)
Limacodes scapha, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. (1833.)
Limacodes scapha, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. , p. 303. (1841.)
Limacodes imdif era, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. V., p. 1149. (1855.)
Limacodes scapha, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd. ed. p. 420. (1862.)
Limacodes scapha, ^■x\sh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX., p. 298.
(1864.)
Limacodes scapha, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, p. 34 1 . ( 1 864. )
Limacodes scapha, Harris, Ent. Corr. p. 300, pi. 3, fig. 8 larva.
(1869.)
Limacodes scapha, Packard, Guide. Stu. Ins., p. 290., fig. 2 1 9. ( 1 869.)
5 . ? . — "Light cinnamon brown. Palpi, prothorax, femora and
tibiae and secondaries a little darker. On the primaries the costo-
OF NORTH AMERICA. 201
median region is filled in with a dark tan colored triangular spot, its
apex sometimes rounded, terminating a little beyond the submedian
nervure. It is continued along the costa to the base of the wing (near
which it is deeply excavate), and terminates sharply upon the apex.
Externally it is lined with silver. A discoidal dark discoloration.
Beneath concolorous with the upper side of the secondaries, a little
darker at the apex (with the dark patch of the primaries faintly repro-
duced). The body is stouter than in the other species, while the head
is hardly so prominent. The costa of the primaries, which is straight,
becomes a little convex towards the apex, hence the apical interspace
is a little broader and shorter than usual. The internal angle is not
so well marked as in the other species." Packard, (loc. cit.)
Expaiise of wings ^ i.io inches ; length of body, 0.50 inch.
Hahiiat. — Massachusetts (Harris).
Larva. — The following description is from the writings of Dr. Har-
ris, (Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 303). "The most common of these slug-cater-
pillars, in Massachusetts, live on Walnut trees. They come to their
full size in September and October, and then measure five-eighths of
an inch in length, and rather more than three-eighths across the
middle. The body is thick, and its outline nearly diamond-shaped ;
the back is a little hollowed, and the middle of each side rises to an
obtuse angle ; it is of a green color, with the elevated edges brown.
The boat-like form of this caterpillar induced me to name it Limacodes
scapha." Dr. Harris was not acquainted with the imago at the time
the above description was written, as the larvae died before reaching
maturity ; but Dr. Packard states that Mr. Shurtleff reared the imago
from a larva found under a maple tree. It corresponded with Dr.
Harris's description, and "constructed a dense obtusely cylindrical
ovate cocoon on the surface of the ground, Oct. 17. It was sur-
rounded by an outer thin envelope, covered with grains of sand. The
moth appeared June 15."
2.-LmAC0DES BIGTJTTATA. (PI. 8„ fig. 16.)
Limacodes biguttata, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. HI., p. 341.
(1864.)
5 . $ . — Head, thorax, abdomen and their appendages soft buflT-
brown ; thorax rather darker than the abdomen.
Primaries soft brown, crossed by a transverse, oblique, paler, whitish
202 zyg^nidj: and bombycid^
straight line, from rather within the middle of the inner margin, to
a point on the costa two-fifths from the apex. A similar straight whitish
line originates on the costa near the apex and runs to about the middle
of the outer margin. The apical space outside this latter line is red-
dish-brown. There is a similarly colored semicircular spot at the anal
angle, margined inwardly with whitish. Fringes rather paler than the
base of the wing.
Secondaries dark brown, somewhat darker than the primaries.
Fringes paler.
Beneath concolorous with secondaries above, immaculate.
Expanse of wings, i.oo inch ; length of body, 0.45 inch.
Habitat. — New York (Edwards). Pennsylvania (Harris).
For my specimen of this species I am indebted to my friend, W. H.
Edwards, Esq. It was accompanied by the cocoon from which it
emerged, but I have not been able to find any description of the
larva. The cocoon is brown, tough and smooth, broadly oval, almost
spherical, with the sides somewhat flattened, and the whole enveloped
in a thin flossy web. The imago escaped through a circular hinge-
like lid or cap.
This species is much more thickly scaled than Z. scapha, and has
a softer, more velvety, appearance.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 203
2.-LEUCARCTIA ALBIDA. N. S. (PI. 8, fig. 22, 6 .)*
$ . — White. Head and thorax white. Sides of the front, next the
eyes black. Palpi black, a little whitish below. Thorax beneath
white. Antennae black. Abdomen clear yellow ochre above, except
the apical segment and the basal hairs which are white. Beneath
white. Each segment above has a transverse black spot. There is a
lateral row of small black dots, and a faint indication of a sublateral
row of the same color. Legs white above. Coxae of anterior pair
black, fringed with yellow hairs. Inside of femora yellow ; those of
the middle pair only partially so, those of the posterior pair only at the
apex of the joints ; tips all touched with black. Tibiae of anterior and
middle pairs streaked with dusky inwardly ; posterior pair w^hite.
Tarsi dusky beneath.
Wings pure white, both above and beneath ; the anterior pair im-
maculate ; secondaries showing faint traces of a discal spot, and two
submarginal spots.
Expanse of wings, 1.20 inches ; length of body, 0.80 inch.
Habitat. — Owen's Valley, California, (Coll. Stretch), ? unknown.
I am indebted for this specimen to Lieut. Wheeler, of the U. S.
Exploring Expedition. The specimen is in poor preservation, but
may be readily distinguished from L. acrcca, not merely by its smaller
size and the absence of markings, which alone, in such genera as
this, would scarcely warrrant its separation under a specific name, but
by the color of the posterior wings, which are totally different from
the well known L. acrcea. It may not be uninteresting to add that I
have in my collection a $, exactly corresponding to the foregoing
description, which I received from Costa Rica, through Dr. Von Patten.
This gentleman's collection was made on the table lands of the interior.
I have also, from the same locality, a large notodofitid (.?), likewise
identical with a specimen received from Arizona ! When it is remem-
bered that I am as yet acquainted with only sis species of Bombycitia from
the district of Arizona and its vicinity, it is somewhat remarkable that
two of these should be represented in a locality so widely removed as
Costa Rica, and we may naturally look for many striking additions to
our list of insects as we become more familiar with this as yet almost
unknown country.
* See page 98 ante.
204 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
BOMBYCID^.
ARCTIIN5;.
Genus HYPHANTRIA. Harris.
"The structure of the fore and hind wings like those in the genus
Spilosoma.
" Head moderate, somewhat sunken and woolly ; with ocelli. Face
tapering and vertical. Eyes moderately large. Antennse shortly pec-
tinated in the 3 , serrated in the ? . Labial palpi rather hairy beneath,
scarcely extending beyond the clypeus ; second joint very short, and
terminal joint nearly rudimental. Tongue nearly as long as the anterior
coxae, filamentous.
"Structure of fore and hind wings as in the genus Spilosoma.
" Body rather stout. Thorax woolly. Patagia not erected, rather
broad and flattened. Breast woolly ; abdomen rather smooth. Legs
with the femora woolly ; tibial spur of the fore legs long and curved,
hind tibiffi with a pair of small apical spurs. "
"Mr. Walker does not recognize this genus, but refers the species
Dr. Harris placed in it to Euprodis Hiibner. The structure of E.
aurijlua does not, however, authorize this step. In it the antennae are
deeply pectinated in 5 ; the palpi are differently formed, the tongue
more rudimentary ; the costal and subcostal veins in the hind wings
distinct to the base, although connected in the middle of the cell by
an intercostal branch ; and in the fore wings the second subcosto mar-
ginal nervule arises between the post apical and apical nervulet. The
head is without ocelli, and the structure of the legs in aurijlua differs
from that in Textor. A consideration of these differences, and the
structural agreement of textor with other genera of the hm\\y Arctiince,
the habits and structure of the larva, can leave no doubt, I think, res-
pecting the true position and naturalness of the genus.'"
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 530. (i860.)
Three species of this genus are found in the United States ; two of
them {H. textor, H. cuneaj)2.xt well known, while it is doubtful whether
the third {H. punctata, Fitch,) is specifically distinct from H. cunea.
They may be distinguished thus :
Wings white - - - . - - - H. textor.
Wings spotted
With many spots H. cunea.
With single band of small spots - - - H. punctata.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 205
1— HYPHANTRIA CUNEA. (PI. 8, figs. 18, 19, 20, ^ .)
Bombyx cunea, Drury, 111. Nat. Hist. I. p. '^6, pi. i8, fig. 4. (1770.)
PhalcEua punctatissima, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 139,
Tab. 77. (1797-)
Cycma cunea, Hiibner, Verz. p. 184. (1816.)
Cycma cunea, Hiibner, Zutr. Dritt. Hand., p. 8, fig. 405. (1825.)
Spilosoma cunea, Westwood, Ed. Drury, p. 34. (1837.)
Hyphantria punctatissima, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 255. (1841.)
Spilosoma cunea, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 669. (1855.)
Hyphantria cunea, Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. N. York, p 384. (1856.)
Hypantria cunea, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 531.
(i860.)
Hypantria cunea, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. app. p. 343. (1862.)
Hyphantria punctatissima, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd ed., p. 358.
(1862.)
Hyphantria cunea, Saunders, Can. Ent, vol. 3, p. 36, larva. (1871.)
3 . — White, with many black spots. Head, thorax and abdomen
white, the latter with a faint dorsal series of black dots. Palpi black
at tips above. Antennae white, pectinations of $, blackish beneath.
Legs white ; fore coxse and femora luteous ; tibiae and tarsi blackish
outwardly.
Anterior wings white, with transvere angulated bands of blackish
spots, arranged as follows : A sub-basal band, angulated outwardly on
the median vein, inside which at the base are several small spots.
Band two runs through the origin of the 4th median nervule ; from
the inner margin to the median vein it is parallel with the outer mar-
gin, thence it is sharply angulated to the costa. Band three is near
band two, being parallel with it until it reaches the median vein,
where it is bent less strongly toward the costa than band two, and there-
fore diverges from it, passing over the discal vein. Band four is par-
allel to band three, and is made up of small spots not well defined ;
then follows a subterminal series of linear dots arranged in pairs on
each side of the nervules, and finally a marginal, interspaceal series
of black dots. These spots vary greatly, many of them being frequently
obsolete, giving the insect quite a difterent appearance. The bands
206 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
most generally present, and which may be considered typical of the
species, are the ist, 3rd and 5th.
Secondaries white, sometimes with a faint discal dot, a series of
small marginal dots near the apex, and two faint submarginal dots
near the apex and anal angle respectively. Any or all of these spots
may be wanting.
Beneath as above, except that the markings are usually somewhat
paler.
$. — White, immaculate.
Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches ; length of body, 0.^55 inch.
Habitat. — Massachusetts, (Harris). New York, (Edwards). Can-
ada, (Saunders).
Larva. — "Length 1.75 inches; cylindrical, head small, bilobed,
black and shining, with a faint brownish streak between the lobes,
scarcely visible above, and a few short brownish hairs,
" Body black, with a slight shade of brown, and sprinkled all over
with very minute whitish dots, scarcely visible without a magnifier.
On each segment a transverse row of shining black tubercles, each
emitting a tuft of hairs of the same color. On each side, from sixth
to twelfth segments inclusive, is a double row of orange-colored spots
— those composing the lower row more conspicuous than those in the
upper one. There is also a faint continuation of these spots on seg-
ments anterior to the sixth, but they are scarcely visible to the un-
aided eye.
" The under surface is paler, of a blackish brown color ; feet black
and shining ; prolegs brownish, with a wide ring of shining black. "
Saunders (loc. cit. )
This species is very similar to H. textor in its habits. It is very
abundant in New York and extends into the Southern States.
HYPHANTRIA TEXTOR. (Pi- 8, fig. 21, ^ •)
Ardia textor, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. (Hitchcock's Rt. p. 591.)
(1833-)
Hyphantria textor, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 255. (1841.)
Euprodis textor, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M.
Hyphantria textor. Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. New York, p. 382. (1856.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 207
Hypantria lextor, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 530.
(i860.)
Hypantria textor , Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 344. (1862.)
Hyphantria textor, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed,, p. 358. (1862,)
Spilosoma Candida, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. XXXI., p. 291. (1864.)
Hyphantria textor, Riley, 3rd Rep. Ins. Missouri, p. 130, fig. 55 a
larva, b pupa, c imago. (1871.)
Hyphantria textor , Saunders, Can. Ent., vol. 3, p. 69. (1871.)
3 . ? . — Wings pure vi^hite, immaculate. Head, thorax and abdo-
men white. Antennas white, pectinations of the 3 blackish beneath.
Palpi at the tips blackish above. Legs white ; fore coxse and femora
luteous ; tibiae and tarsi of the anterior and middle pairs blackish in
front ; tarsi of hind pair touched with black.
Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches ; letigih of body, 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — Massachusetts, (Harris). Maine, (Packard). Missouri,
(Riley). Canada, (Saunders).
Larva. — (Riley loc. cit.) "Ground color greenish-yellow. Dor-
sum velvety black, with a narrow median pale line on thoracic joints.
Sides speckled with black, except along subdorsal and stigmatal lines,
where longitudinal yellow patches are left clear. Venter dusky or
smoky-brown. Head shiny black, with labrum and antennae white.
Thoracic legs black ; prolegs long and narrow, smoky black with faint
orange extremities. Covered with long straight hairs, longest on joints
2, 3, II and 12. These hairs are either dirty white with a few black
ones interspersed, or of a more uniform reddish-brown. They spring
in bundles from around large warts situated as follows on each joint :
4 which are black and dorsal, arranged in a trapezoid, the anterior
pair being the smaller ; and 4 which are orange on each side, and
arranged in a transverse row in the middle of the joint. Stigmata light
yellow. Average length 1. 10 inches."
" Varies considerably, in some the black predominating, in others
the yellow. Those found on hickories are usually the darkest. When
newly hatched it is pale yellow, with two longitudinal rows of black
marks and a black head. "
This insect is only too well known as the Fall Web-worm. The
larva are hatched about the month of July ; they live in company
under a web.
208 ZYG.'ENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
BOMBYCID^.
COCHLIDIINi;.
Genus PAUASA. Moore.
" Head prominent, the front very broad, square. Antennae shorter
than in Euclea, pectinated on the basal half, the branches a little longer
than in Euclea. The palpi are porrect, the subacute tips passing a
little beyond the front, but they are not so stout nor so long as in
Euclea. Thorax stouter than usual, globose, while the abdomen is
small, tapering rapidly towards the tip, which is not much tufted.
Primaries broad, costa swollen near the base, and towards the apex,
being more excavated in the middle than in Euclea, while the apex is
more produced, and the outer edge is longer and more oblique, more
regularly rounded and continuous with the inner edge, which is a little
shorter than the outer edge, while in Euclea the outer edge is shorter
than the inner. The subcostal nervure runs nearer the costal edge
than usual, going straight to the origin of its 3rd nervule. The ori-
gins of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd subcostal nervulesare equidistant. Apical
interspace shorter and broader than in Euclea. Discal nervules and
origin of last subcostal and ist median are all well placed beyond
the middle of the wing. Last subcostal nervule arises opposite the
independent or ist median, where in Euclea it is removed much farther
inward. The 2nd median nervule arises farther in than the 3rd, and
the end of the nervure connecting them is very oblique, while in Euclea
it is straight and the two nervules arise opposite each other.''
" The secondaries reach nearly to the tips as in Euclea, but are nar-
rower, and the outer margin is shorter, thus making the interspaces
narrower, especially the apical space ; and the branches of the median
nervure are shorter. * * * "phe wings and body are finer scaled
than in Euclea and the veins can be more distinctly seen on either
side."
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 339. (1864.)
The above descripdon appeared under the name of Callochlora
Packard. The colors of the genus are green and brown, the former
color predominating on the primaries, whereas the reverse is the case
in Euclea.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 209
l.-PARASA CHLORIS. (Pi. 8, fig. 17, $ .)
Near a chloris, H. Sch.
NecEra chloris. Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. V. p. 1140. (1855.
Limacodes viridus , Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 251. (1 864.)
Callochlora vernaia, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 339.
(1864.)
Parasa chloris, G. & R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. pt. i, p. X. (1868.)
Callochlora chloris, Packard, Guide, Stu. Ins. p. 290, fig. 220. (1869.)
3. — "Fore wings. A dark brown spot at the 'base extends in-
wardly to the submedian nervure, follows it for one-fourth its length,
then crosses, parallel with the outer margin to the costa, which is also
brown. A broad light brown marginal band, traversed by darker
nervules, the inner boundary of which is a rich brown-velvety line,
darkest towards the inner angle, and also parallel with the margin.
The rest of the area is pea-green. Hind wings fawn color, shading
into dark brown along the margin. Below greenish yellow on the
fore, and pale fawn on the hind wings. Antennae brown ; thorax
green ; face, abdomen and legs brown."
? . — Fore wings. A dark brown semi-elliptical broad patch on the
costa, curving inwardly a little beyond the median nervure ; the remain-
der of the surface, excepting a brown marginal border, is pea-green.
This border widens towards the inner angle, the nervures being dis-
tinctly lined with dark brown, and has a dark spot, near its middle,
extending along the margin. Hind wings fawn colored. Under sur-
face and body resembling the male." (Reakirt, loc. cit. )
Expanse 0/ wings, 3 0.94, ? 1.06 inches; length of body, 0.45
inch.
Habitat. — Pennsylvania, (Reakirt). New York, (Grote).
Larva. — Of the larva Mr. Reakirt says : "I can describe approxi-
mately only, having neglected to fully observe its ornation. It was
about three-fourths of an inch long ; general color brown. Its body
rises very abruptly and broad from the head, which is rounded, thence
tapering gradually, until within a short distance of the tail, where it as
suddenly descends, terminating in a sharp point. There are three
distinct dorsal ridges, each being furnished with clusters and spinules."
" It feeds on the chestnut, and may be found during September.
Cocoon, about half an inch long is spun on the midrib of a leaf, oval
shining, brownish-black ; the imago appears in May. "
210 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
9 -ALYPIA LANGTONII. (PI. 8, fig. 3, $ .)*
Alyptia Langtonit, Couper.
Alypia odomaculata, (part) Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. I. 6o. (1854.)
$ . — Black and sulphur yellow. Head and front black ; sides of
front next the eyes and sides of head behind the eyes narrowly yellow.
Palpi black, yellow inside, and at the base beneath. Antennae black,
basal half sub-annulate with yellow. Thorax and abdomen black,
both above and below. Prothorax black. Patagia sulphur yellow.
Legs black, with a few minute white markings on tarsi. Tibiae of the
two anterior pair clothed with orange scales.
Wings dull black with a few metallic blue scales centrally on the
superiors. Anterior wings with two unequal sulphur yellow spots.
The smaller, longitudinal, oval, subbasal ; the larger, transverse, sub-
ovate, placed at right angles to the costa across the base of the nervules.
Secondaries with one rounded spot, intermediate in size between the
two on the primaries, placed on the discal vein.
Beneath as above, except that the black of the wings is less intense.
Expanse of wings, i.io inches ; length 0/ body, 0.50 inch.
Habitat. — Canada, (Couper). New York, Pennsylvania, (Grote).
Walker considered this species as a variety of ^. odomaculata, a con-
clusion in which he can hardly be sustained. Evidently its nearest
ally is A. Sacramenti of California, which has precisely the same num-
ber of spots. The latter is, however, a much larger insect, so far as
I can judge from the three examples which I have seen. In the col-
oration of the body parts it is almost identical, and the most constant
and recognizable difference is to be found in the spot on the under sur-
face of the secondaries, which in A. Langtonii shows no tendency to
the expansion noticeable in A. Sacramenti. The habits of the latter
species are also peculiar as noted ; there seems to be no record of a
similar peculiarity with regard to A. Langtonii, which would scarcely
have escaped notice had it been a prominent character. In my speci-
men of A. Sacramenti, the legs are imperfect, but I note that while
the tibae of the middle pair are orange, they do not have a clothing of
long hairs.
*See page 5, ante.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 211
lO.-ALYPIA MACTJLLOCHII. (PI. 8, fig. 2, $, .)
Alypia MaccuUochii, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. IV., 301, pi. 4, fig- 5-
(1837.)
Alypia MaccuUochii, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M., pi. I. , p. 60. ( 1 854.)
Alypia MaccuUochii, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 133. (1862.)
5 . — Black, yellow and white. Head black, narrowly margined with
yellow behind the eyes. Palpi black. Antennae black, finely annu-
late on basal half with white. Prothorax black, with a few yellow
hairs. Patagia yellow. Thorax and abdomen black, above and be-
low. Anal claspers very large, black, hairy. Legs black ; tips of
basal joints of tarsi white ; tibiae of two anterior pairs clothed with
orange scales.
Anterior wings deep velvety black, with distinct metallic blue scales
on the discal vein, on the basal third of the costal area, and along the
submedian vein ; on the latter vein they diminish in number out-
wardly. A wedge shaped pale sulphur yellow spot at base, with the
outer angle rounded, and divided longitudinally by the black median
vein. A small sub-trapezoidal yellow spot in the discal area ; and a
transverse band on the median nervules, very pale, almost white,
divided into six areas by the black veins ; the sixth of these spots, or
the one nearest the costa, is very minute, the others subequal. This
band is of nearly equal width throughout, and terminates abruptly on
the 4th median vein. The costa is strongly swollen and thickened
near the middle, forming a groove apparently for the reception of the
antennae, such as we find in many elakridce and curctdionidce.
The secondaries are also velvety black, with clear while markings.
These consist of a basal spot which leaves a wide black margin on the
inner border ; is clearly divided into two by the black median vein,
and again very faintly divided nearer the costa. An outer band across
the nervules divided into five spots by the black nervules. The sec-
ond of these spots is the longest, diminishing to the last, which does
not reach the fourth median. The costal area is also whitish.
Beneath, the markings of the primaries are reproduced, but are
white with only the faintest tinge of yellow on the basal spot which is
enlarged so as to reach the inner margin. Secondaries as above, ex-
212 zyg^nidjE and bombycid^
cept that the costal streak is much more clearly defined, has a pale
yellow tinge and reaches the outer edge of the submarginal band.
The basal spot is also larger and approaches the inner margin more
nearly than above.
Expanse of wings, 1.08 inches ; length of body, o. 58 inch.
Habitat. — Canada, Nova Scotia, (Kirby). Hudson's Bay, (Walker).
California, (Grote). Oregon, (Walsingham).
With the ? I am acquainted only through the medium of Kirby 's
figure, which, judging from the body, evidently belongs to this sex.
It differs chiefly in the shorter length of the body. There seems to
be considerable confusion or else variation in the colors of this species.
Kirby 's figure* shows the markings to be yellow, while his description
gives them as white. It is just possible that the yellow tint is the
effect of age on an inferior kind of white color, which not unfrequently
undergoes this change, to the disgust of the artist. Grote, however,
(Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. i, p. 31,) states that a specimen
from Owen's Lake, Nevada, (this lake is in Inyo County, California,)
shows a sulphur tinge on all the wings, but most decidedly in the pri-
maries, while in my specimen from Oregon, the markings are all white
except the basal spot on the primaries.
The general pattern of ornamentation in A. maccullochii, A. ridingsii^
A. lorquinii ■AX\.di A. Similis is so similar that it is not very easy to draw
the difference in words. The most available character is the outer spot
on the primaries. In Ridingsii the inner margin of this spot is very
irregular in its outline; in Lorquinii\hQ spot is nearly linear, attenu-
ated at both ends ; in Maccullochii it is wider, the sides parallel, and
sharply truncated at each end, in this respect resembling Ridingsii ;
while in Similis it is broadly oval. These peculiarities will readily
separate the species.
Of all the species with which we are yet acquainted, the present has
the widest geographical range. Its home appears to be in northern
latitudes, and on the high mountain ranges to the southward where
altitude takes the place of latitude.
*For this figure I am indebted to the kindness of W, Saunders, Esq.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 213
7.-CTENUCHA WALSINGHAMII* (PL 9, fig. 1, $ .)
CUnucha Wabinghainii, H. Edwards, Trans. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 5,
p..?. (1873.)
' ' Size and aspect of C. muliifaria.
" Head, collar and patagia bright crimson, the latter narrowly edged
with black, as in C. muliifaria, palpi also crimson, with the terminal
article black. Antennae long, blueish black, closely bipectinate. Tho-
rax with the disc greenish black. Abdomen very glossy, blueish black,
with a faint greenish tinge. Legs blueish black, with the anterior
C0X3S distinctly white. Fore tibiae with a few white scales.
"Primaries blueish black, with a greenish tinge, most vivid toward
the base. Costal edge entirely dull black. Fringe white at apices,
the remainder black.
"Secondaries, blueish black, with a purple tinge. Fringe white at
apices, rest entirely black.
'■^Expanse of wings 1.90 inches ; length of body, 0.60 inch.
"Habitat. — Fort Crook, Oregon, June, 1872. (Coll. H. Edwards.)
"I owe the possession of this beautiful specimen to Lord Walsing-
ham, who found it in the above locality during his recent tour through
Southern Oregon, where it appears to be very rare. At first sight, this
species may be confounded with C. muliifaria, but differs in having
the costa entirely black, and the apices of the wings only with white
fringes." H. Edwards, (loc. cit.)
*See page 23 ante,
2l4 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE
ZYGJENIDJG.
CASTNIIN^.
Genus PSEUDALYPIA. Edwards.
" Head small, front very long, densely pilose. Clypeus very long,
smooth, triangular, notched on each side in front, and when viewed
from above concealing the palpi, which are short, pilose, the third
joint longest, the whole palpus straight, and shorter than the head.
Antennae simple, not thickened as in alypia. Eyes small, not promi-
nent. Tongue more than half as long as the body. Thorax pilose,
the hairs of patagia especially long. Abdomen short, stout, covered with
close glossy pubescence. Abdominal tuft long. Wings short and broad.
Primaries, with apical angle much rounded. The nervules are very
thick ; neuration similar to alypia.
Secondaries ample, very much rounded, especially towards the anal
angle. Fringes of both wings very long. Legs long, only slightly
pilose, wanting the bunches of hair observable in alypia ; hind pair
with two very nearly equal pairs of spines, terminal pair being very
slightly the shorter.
This genus differs from its near ally alypia, by the longer tongue,
shorter palpi, stouter and more glossy abdomen, simple antennae, and
by the absence of the dense tufts of hair on the fore tibiae. The sys-
tem of coloration is also essentially different ; as in alypia it consist of
a series of spots variously arranged, while in the present genus it
forms a simple band, crossing the fore wings near the middle."
H. Edwards, Trans. Cal. Acad. Sci. (1873. )
l.-PSEUD ALYPIA CROTCHII (Pi. 9. fig. 2, $ .)
Pseudalypia crotchii, H. Edwards, Trans. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 5.,
p. ?• (1873-)
" Head, thorax, patagia, and abdomen, deep glossy black, with a
slight bronze tinge. Collar, base of palpi, and abdominal tuft, golden
orange. Antennae glossy black, with short scales. Palpi, black above,
OF NORTH AMERICA. 215
golden orange beneath. Feet wholly black, with some small white
patches arranged in circular form on the hind tarsi.
"Primaries, glossy black, with a greenish metallic tinge. Thecosta
for about three fourths of its length, and a narrow, slightly curved
band crossing the wing beyond the middle, cream white. Apical edge
of fringe white, the remainder glossy black.
" Secondaries, dull black with a slight brownish hue. Fringe cream
white, except towards the anal angle where it is black. Under side
similar to the upper, with the band of primaries more broadly defined,
and with a whitish tinge toward the base.
^^ Expanse of wings, 0.85 inch ; length o/lody, 0.35 inch.
^'Habitat. — Warner's Ranch, San Diego, Cal., May 8, 1873.
(Coll. H. Edwards).
"This exquisite insect was discovered by my friend, Mr. G. R.
Crotch, whose enthusiastic labors have added so much to our knowl-
edge of the insect fauna of California, and to whom I regardfully dedi-
cate the species. It was flying in the heat of the day, alighting fre-
quendy on flowers, and manifesting much the same habits as the vari-
ous species of alypia." H. Edwards, (loc. cit.)
216 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
8.-AECTIA INTERMEDIA. N. s. (PI. 9, fig. 3, 5 )•
Intermediate between A. virgo and A. achaia. Head and front very-
pale reddish cream color, sides of front next the eyes blackish. Palpi
and antennae black. Prothorax concolorous with head, each lobe with
a small black dash. Patagia black, edged with dark cream color.
Thorax black, with two cream colored stripes. All the pale markings
on head and thorax concolorous. Thorax beneath black ; legs blackish.
Abdomen above reddish orange towards tip, reddish at base, anal seg-
ment black ; a narrow broken black dorsal stripe increasing in promi-
nence towards the tip. Abdomen yellowish white along lateral line,
with lateral row of small black spots ; black beneath, with traces of
a yellowish ventral stripe.
Primaries deep velvety black ; fringes, costal margin narrowly, and
inner margin more broadly very pale yellow ochre ; the veins all
clothed with scales of the same color, and the following concolorous
markings. A broadish longitudinal stripe below the median vein,
leaving the latter before the origin of the 4th median nervule, and
then continuing to outer margin parallel to 4th median and furcate
just before reaching the same. A broad transverse band just outside
origin of 4th median, increasing in width from the inner margin to the
costa, where it expands suddenly and increases the width of the costal
margin. A second somewhat narrower band across the base of the
median nervules, parallel to outer margin, extending from the costa to
the longitudinal band, and showing faintly below the latter close to
band one. The usual terminal band, originating on the costa midway
between band two and the apex, touches the outer margin and is re-
flexed towards and connects with band two on the origin of median
nervules, being again reflexed and connected with the upper fork of
longitudinal band at the outer margin.
Secondaries pale vermillion, somewhat orange along costa and inner
margin. A reduced black discal spot, a submarginal row of three
large subequal black spots, the apical one being fused to the black
apex of the wing ; there is also a marginal spot near the apex, but
not connected with the apical cloud.
Beneath the markings are reproduced, but all the colors are paler
and more diffuse, and the costa of the primaries is more distinctly
yellow.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 21t
Expanse of wings, 2.10 inches ; length of body, 0.90 inch.
Habitat. — Texas, (coll. Stretch).
Described from i 5 in good preservation, received from Mr. Bel-
frage, who speaks of it as one of the rarest Texan Bombycidae. It
has many points of resemblance both to A. virgo and A. achaia.
From the former, which it resembles in size, it may be separated by the
relative positions of the transverse bands of the primaries to each other,
and by the limitation of the pale scales on the veins to the veins them-
selves. These do not extend into the disc of the wing as in ^. virgo,
but resemble the ornamentation of A. achaia and A. Sawidersii, as
pointed out in the latter case by Wm. Saunders, Esq. From A. achaia
it is readily distinguished by its much larger size, and the different col-
oration of the abdomen. A. intermedia moreover belongs to that sec-
tion of the genus in which the thoracic parts are smooth and finely
scaled, while A. achaia on the other hand is in this respect more allied
to A. virguncula, which has the thorax and its appendages hairy.
It becomes important to note these differences when speaking of
many species of arctia, as although they may have a certain " fascies ''
which enables us to separate them at a glance, yet from the uniformity
in the pattern of ornamentation, it is frequently difficult to draw a
description in words, which shall certainly enable the student to recog-
nize the species intended. Many of the earlier descriptions were
lamentably deficient in detail and have been the cause of much of our
erroneous synonymy.
9.-ARCTIA ARIZONIENSIS. N. S. (PI. 9, fig. 4, 5 )
3 . — Head yellow-ochre ; palpi black ; antennas brown ; prothorax,
patagia, and thorax somewhat hairy, pale whitish yellow ; the patagia
each with a black dash, and the thorax with a central black line.
Abdomen above pale vermillion, terminal segments black ; beneath
black, with a broad ventral pale yellowish stripe. Legs blackish ;
coxae of anterior pair hairy, yellow-ochre.
Anterior wings pale creamy yellow, with the following reduced
black spots : two basal streaks ; three irregularly shaped angular sub-
costal spots, one of which is on the discal vein, one outside and one
inside of the discal vein ; two spots on the outer margin, one apical
the other on the second meridian ; a submarginal spot between the
218 zyg^nidjE and bombycid^
third and fourth median nervules ; an elongated anal spot and a
minute transverse spot on the^|'submedian vein, near the base. The
middle subcostal spot is supplemented below the median vein by a
very faint transverse streak. Fringes concolorous with wings.
Secondaries dirty white, thinly scaled, rosy along the inner margin;
with a small blackish discal spot ; a submarginal row of three blackish
spots, the anal one small, the apical one extending from the costa to
the 1st median nervule. There are also two marginal spots, one near
the apex, the other about the middle of the inner margin.
Beneath as above, except thatjthe fore wings are nearly white, and
the costa of all the wings is decidedly yellow ochre.
Expanse of wings, 1.60 inches ; length 0/ body 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Arizona, (coll. Stretch).
Described from one S , for which I am indebted to my friend
Mr.W. H. Edwards. The nearest ally of this beautiful species is A.autho-
lea, Boisduval, which it much resembles. The number and location
of the black markings on the primaries is identical, but they are much
reduced in size (pi. 3, figs. 7, 8). The chief point of difference is in
the black markings on the secondaries of which there is no trace in
A. autholea 5 , while it may prove, however, to be merely a variety
when we possess longer suites of these insects ; it is at present suffi-
ciently distinct to warrant a separate name.
lO.-ARCTIA VIRGUNCULA.-^(Pl. 9, fig. 5, 3.)
Callimorpha virgu?icula, Fauna Bor. Am. IV, p. 304, pi. 4, fig. 6.
(1837.)
Not Arctia virguncula , Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 609. (1855.)
Arctia virguficula, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 528.
(i860.)
Arctia virguncula, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. Supp. p. ^■^S. (1862.)
Arctia nais, Saunders; Syn. Cau. Arct. p. 8. (1863.)
Not Arctia virgtmcula, Saunders, Syn. Cau, Arct. p. 9. (1863.)
5 . — Black and yellow. Head and front yellow, darkest on occi-
put; sides of front blackish. Palpi hairy, blackish. Antennae blackish,
pectinations brown. Prothorax yellow, two central black spots. Pata-
gia black, edged with yellow. Thorax yellow, with black central dor-
sal stripe. All the yellow about these parts inclines to ochreous.
Abdomen yellow ochre, darker than thorax, with a broad dorsal macu-
•OF NORTH AMERICA. 219
iar stripe, also with a lateral and subventrai macular stripe on each
side. Thorax beneath hairy, mottled black and yellow. Legs striped
black and yellowish.
Anterior wings velvety black, marked with clear ochre yellow, but
ivithout transverse battels. Costal and inner margin and eritire fringes
yellow. All veins except discal clothed with yellow scales, the scales
on the subcostal and median covering more than the veins. A broad
yellow longitudinal stripe below the median vein, furcate at the outer
margin. From the origin of the median nervules a similar stripe con-
nects with the upper fork of the longitudinal stripe at the outer mar-
gin ; from the same point a similar stripe runs along ist median nerv-
ule nearly to the outer margin, and is then refiexed squarely to the
costa.
Secondaries deep ochre yellow, fringes paler. The costal and inner
margins are largely and irregularly dusky black. The apical spot of
the submarginal row is fused with the costal cloud, and the anal spot
with the black inner margin, leaving the large cordate middle spot
alone isolated in the yellow of the wing. Between this and the anal
angle there is a small triangular marginal spot, and a larger one near
the apex partially fused with the apical cloud.
Beneath the markings are reproduced but the colors are all paler,
and the black on the secondaries is broken up at the base and along
the costa into numerous spots.
Expanse of wings, 1.50 inches ; length of body, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States and Canada.
Although this species is one of the most strongly marked of the
North American arctians, having more distinctive points than almost
any other, there has been much confusion in its synonymy. It is the
only American species except A. speciosa in which the veins are clothed
with pale scales while the ground color of the primaries is black, which is
destitute of transverse bands. A. speciosa, Moeschler, judging from
the figure, is very closely allied to A. virguncula, Kirby, having an
ornamentation of the primaries almost identical, but differing on the
secondaries, being at the same time a smaller and slenderer insect.
May it not be only a dwarfed variety ? Both these insects have yellow
secondaries as have also A. persephone, Grote, and some varieties of
A. achaia, Boisduval, but both these latter species have transverse bands
on the primaries which separates them instantly.
Grote states that the specimen in the British Museum determined as
220 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCID^
A. virguncula, Kirby, is in reality the A. persephone of that author ;
and Mr. Packard that Ardia nais of Saunders' Synopsis is A. virgun-
cula, Kirby, while the A. virguncula of the same synopis, is the species
allied to A. virgo and subsequently separated by Grote under the name
of A. Saundersii.
I have been unable to find any record of the larval stages of this
species.
U.-AECTIA ANNA. (Plate 9, fig. 6, ? .)
Arciia anna, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 2, p. 335, pi. 8,
fig. I, ?. (1863.)
" Head between the eyes pale yellow, without spot. Disc of the
thorax and each tegula black bordered with pale yellow ; collar yel-
lowish with two black spots ; base of the thorax showing a few reddish
colored hairs. Upper and under surface of abdomen immaculate and
with under surface of thorax, legs and antennae, deep brownish black.
Palpi black."
" Anterior wings deep velvety black striped with pale yellow. Costa
black with a small pale yellow streak at base ; subcostal vein to apical
third, median vein and its two middle branches and submedian vein
narrowly striped with pale yellow. A broader pale yellow band trav-
erses the wing longitudinally from base to external margin, becoming
slightly forked at internal angle, and upon which, in the terminal half
of the wing, rests a series of pale yellow stripes in the shape of the
letter K, with the straight stroke turned towards the base of the wing
and the upper limb reflexed, at the apex, towards the costa. In the
discal area is a narrow transverse spot, apparently the remains of an
obsolete band.* Internal margin rather broadly striped with pale
yellow ; fringes brownish black.
"Posterior wings brownish black, immaculate; fringes of a more
brownish shade. Under surface of the wings dark brown, and show-
ing, on the anterior pair, traces of the broader yellow bands of the
upper surface.
Expanse of wings, 1.85 inches.
Habitat. — Pennsylvania, (coll. Phil. Ent. Soc.)
" The blackish, immaculate abdomen and posterior wings separate
*Thi8 spot is not noted in Grote's original description.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 221
it from any species of North American Ardia known to me ; in the
disposition of the stripes on the anterior wings it presents most resem-
blance perhaps to Ardia virgo, L." Grote, (loc. cit. )
The type of this species collected by Dr. Samuel Lewis, of Phila-
delphia, still appears to be unique, and it may^yet prove that we are
dealing only with a strongly marked aberrant form of some of our
well known species, probably A. Saundersii. The figure is copied
from a beautiful drawing by A. Hochstein, very kindly loaned me by
Mr. A. Grote.
12.-AIICTIA YARROWII. N. S. (PL 9, fig. 7, 5 •)
$, . — Head clothed with long black hairs. Thorax black, lemon
yellow outwardly. Abdomen black, both above and beneath, densely
and finely scaled, with an indistinct lateral row of crimson dots. Anal
tuft silky, pale ferruginous. Legs black ; anterior pair with crimson
coxae ; on the middle pair the tips of the tibiae and the femora are like-
wise crimson ; on the hind pair the tips of the tibae and ends of the
tarsi are also of the same color. (Note ; the specimens from which
this description is drawn, has been pressed as flat as a botanical speci-
men, and the body parts do not admit of a more detailed description.
The antennae are wanting. )
Anterior wings velvety black, with very narrow fringes and markings
as follows of clear lemon yellow. Five angular costal spots, of which
the two nearest the base are quadrate ; the third at the middle of the
wing is much narrower ; all of these extend only to the median vein.
The fourth is narrow, though wider than the third, and extends across
the wing to the anal angle as an irregular band ; being toothed out-
wardly about the middle, at the point where it receives the termination
of the fifth short irregular spot or band. Below the submedian vein
near the base of the wing and opposite the costal spots i and 2, are
two small, very reduced spots ; and from the middle of the inner mar-
gin springs a very narrow curved band which unites with the middle of
the fourth spot, forming with it and the fifth, the usual terminal arctian
markings. The disposition of these markings is more like that of
E. caja or N. plantaginis than any of the strictly American arctians.
Posterior wings full, rounded, rather thinly scaled ; basal half black,
bounded outwardly by an irregular line extending from the basal two-
fifths of the costa to the anal angle. Outer half orange-scarlet, inclin-
222 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
ing to orange near the apex. Fringes lemon yellow. This outer half
contains a small black spot on the discal vein, and a submarginal row
of three larger black spots. The first of these lies across the interspace
above the ist median nervule ; the second across the 4th median nerv-
ule, and the third on the submedian vein close to the outer margin.
There is besides a very narrow marginal spot about the middle of the
outer margin.
Beneath, the markings are reproduced, those on the primaries,,
especially near the apex, being broader and more diffuse ; all the light
portion of the primaries except near the apex are suffused with crim-
son, this color being most intense near the base and along the subcostal
vein. The secondaries ar^e somewhat paler and there is a crimson
streak on the basal third of the costa which does not appear above.
Expanse of wings, 1.75 inches ; leitgth 0/ body, 0.80 inch.
Hadi/a/.— Arizona. (Coll. R. H. Stretch.) Collected by U. S.
Exploring Expedition, under Lieut. Wheeler.
$ unknown.
This species, without exception the most beautiful of the American
Arctians, cannot be mistaken for any other. It belongs to the section
in which the veins are not clearly marked with a distinctive color.
The body reminds one of Epicallia virginalis, Boisd., the under wings
suggest the ? variety of Nemeophila plantaginis with red secondaries,
while the ornamentation of the primaries recalls E. caja. It is so un-
like any of our other species of the genus that further comparison is
unnecessary. It is with wuch pleasure that I dedicate this beautiful
insect to Dr. Yarrow, who was connected with the U. S. Exploring
Expedition in Arizona, and to whom 1 am indebted for many kind-
nesses.
13.-ARCTIA QUENSELII. (Pi. 9, fig. 8, $ .)
Bombyx Quenselii, Paykull. (1793.)
Archa Quenselii, Geyer, Forts. Hlibn. Zutr. Fiinft. Hund. p. 14, %s.
847,848. (1837.)
Ardia Quenselii, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 527,
(i860.)
Euprepia gelida, Moesch., Ent. Zeit. Stettin IX, p. 173, 174. (1849.)
Arctia gelida, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III. p. 611. (1855.)
OF NORTH AMERICA. 223
Arciia gelida, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 528. (i860.)
Arctia gelida, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., Supp. p. 341. (1862.)
$ . — Head orange, yellow on vertex. Palpi black ; antennae black
Prothorax yellow with two large black spots. Patagia black edged with
yellow, very narrowly so on the inside. Thorax black, with two broad
yellow stripes ; abdomen blackish, the segments edged with white
along the sides and beneath. Legs black ; coxce of the anterior
pair, orange ; all the tibiae whitish outwardly. All the thoracic parts
smooth.
Anterior wings velvety black ; fringes white. Veins clothed with
yellowish scales. A very broad, irregular, sub-basal transverse band,
widened on the inner margin to a narrow marginal stripe. The usual
longitudinal stripe below the median vein, furcate on the outer margin.
A narrow transverse band originates on this longitudinal stripe, and
runs across the origin of the 4th median nervule, nearly to the costa.
From the same point, a second band runs across the origin of the
median nervules, parallel with the outer margin, towards the costa,
but terminates on the subcostal vein. The usual terminal band
springs from band 2 on the median nervules, the lower fork uniting
with the upper branch of the longitudinal stripe, while the other runs
towards the apex but is reflexed sharply towards the costa before reach-
ing it.
Secondaries thinly scaled, dark cinereous, fringes white ; below the
median vein is a broad whitish stripe, breaking into three forks near
the outer margin. A second similarly colored stripe, originates at the
origin of the median nervules running towards outer margin in two
branches. These markings are somewhat badly defined.
Beneath the primaries reproduce the black markings, but the ground
color is dirty white, with the basal half of the costa yellowish. The
secondaries are largely white, the blackish covering of the upper sur-
face being confined to broken spots along costa and outer margin.
Expanse of wings, 1.35 inches ; length of body, 0.60 inch,.
Habiiat. — Labrador, (Moeschler, Strecker). Mt. Washington, New
Hampshire, (Sanborn).
A. Quenselii czxi. be mistaken for no other American Arctian. It is
abundantly separated by its peculiar grey aud white secondaries. The
yellow markings on the primaries are somewhat broken and less regu-
lar than in many other species. A. gelida, Mceschler, is given as a
synonym on the authority of that author himself, my friend, Mr.
224 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
Strecker, having shown me a letter from that distinguished entomolo-
gist in which he so expresses himself. It is evidently an arctic form,
as the specimen from which the figure is drawn though taken in New
Hampshire, was found on the top of Mt. Washington.
14.-ARCTIA BLAKEI. (PI. 9, fig. 9.) ^ .)
Arctia Blakei, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 523, pi. 5, fig.
2 ?. (1864.)
" Head and palpi creamy white ; orbits of the eyes black ; a black
spot on the vertex between the antennae, which latter are moderate,
bi-serrate, blackish, whitish on their outer surface except at extreme tip.
Thorax rather deeper creamy white, with two prothoracic and three
thoracic black maculations ; legs black, marked with whitish ; posterior
tibiae and tarsi distinctly striped with whitish on their upper surface.
Abdomen creamy white, shaded with yellowish red on its upper sur-
face and at base, with a broad dorsal segmentary series of black macu-
lations, and lateral ones reduced ; beneath largely marked with black.
"Anterior wings blackish, bands very pale creamy white. A moder-
ately broad band runs from the base of the wing, below the median
vein, longitudinally to internal angle, where it becomes furcate, and
upon which, in the terminal half of the wing, rests a series of similar
bands resembling the letter K, with the straight stroke turned towards
the base of the wing, and the upper limb not attaining the external
margin, reflexed very obliquely to costa; a narrow perpendicular stripe
runs from the costa across the disc, joining the longitudinal band, and
sometimes appearing in the interspace below it ; two costal spots, the
outer the larger, and from which latter a very narrow stripe runs inter-
ruptedly to the longitudinal band and appears below it, broader, dis-
tinct, and continued to internal margin. Median and submedian
veins at base striped with same color as the bands ; internal margin
and fringes pale creamy white ; costa striped with the same color ex-
cept for a narrow space before the apex ; under surface reflecting the
ornamentation of the upper surface with a few yellowish scales at base.
" Posterior wings deep yellow, with a dull red tinge ; a series of
terminal black spots becoming fused at costal angle, the one at anal
angle the largest ; discal, costal, subcostal and supra-anal, spots
present, black ; under surface resembling upper but greatly paler."
Grote, (loc. cit. )
OF NORTH AMERICA. 225
Expanse of wings, 5 1.40, ? 1.20 inches; kfiglh of body, ^ 0.60
inch.
Habitat. — Colorado Territory, Ridings and Mead. (Coll. Ent. Soc.
Phil.; Mead, Edwards, Stretch).
For my specimen of this species I am indebted to the kindness of
T. L. Mead, Esq., of New York. It is a 5 and differs chiefly from
the above description of the ? in the ground cclor of the hind wings
being paler, inclining more to reddish than to yellowish.
15.— ARCTIA ARGE. (Pi. 9, fig. 11 ^ , 10 $ ).
Bombyx arge, Drury, 111. Nat. Hist. I. p. 35, pi. 18, fig. 2. (1770.)
Phaloena dione, S. Abb., Lep. Ins. Ga. p. 125, pi. 63. (1797.)
Spilosoma arge, Westwood, Ed, Drury. (1837.)
Arctia arge, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 244. (1841.)
Arctia dione, Walker, Cat, Lep. B. M. Ill,, p. 605. (1855.)
Arctia arge, Duncan, Nat. Lib. vol. 36, pi. 19. (1858.)
Arctia arge, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 528. (i860.)
Arctia dione, Morris, Syn. Lep. N, Am. Supp. p. 340, (1862.)
Arctia arge, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd ed., p. 346. (1862.)
Arctia dione, Saund. Syn. Cau. Arct. p. 7. (1863.)
5. — White to flesh color, with black markings. The following
description is drawn from a flesh colored specimen with the black
markings all present.
Head pale creamy pink. Palpi black above, red beneath ; side of
front black. Antennae wtiitish on basal half, remainder black ; pecti-
nations brownish. All the thoracic parts pale creamy pink. Each
lobe of prothorax, each patagia, and thorax with a central black stripe.
Thorax beneath blackish at base of wings. Abdomen pale flesh color
above, with dorsal and lateral macular stripes, the spots in the latter
small ; beneath black, with the edges of the segments flesh color.
Legs ; anterior and middle pair with red femora, tibiae whitish out-
wardly ; posterior pair whitish, femora and tibiae striped with black,
tarsi mostly dusky.
Anterior wings creamy pink, fringes concolorous. Costa near apex
tinged with vermillion. Marked as follows with black. Two long spots
in discal area ; one on discal vein ; a narrow stripe below the origin of
the 4th median vein ; a triangular spot below median vein outside ori
S26 * ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDJE
gin of 4th median ; a triangular submarginal spot in tlie same inter-
space ; six marginal more or less triangular streaks in the interspaces,
two being near the apex, one at the anal angle, and the other three in
the interspaces of the median nervules ; of these the longest are the
anal spot, and the third from the anal angle. There are also two simi-
lar spots near the costa midway between the apex and the spot on the
discal vein ; a long streak just above the submedian reaching from the
base nearly to the outer margin, and a short basal stjeak below the
same vein.
Secondaries whitish, clothed with pink hairs on the basal portion,
with a distinct very narrow vermillion marginal band from the apex
nearly to anal angle, and marked as follows with dusky black. Two
geminate marginal spots on apical half of outer margin ; a submar-
ginal row of three spots, the first of which lies between the geminate
spots, the second and largest on 4th median, the third on the sub-
median nervule. Also a spot on the discal vein, and some blackish
markings on the costa.
Beneath the wings are whitish. On the primaries the spots are re-
produced but the discal area is entirely black, while the costa is ver-
million, as is also the outer margin very narrowly, and the top of the
veins especially towards the apex. Secondaries very much as above
only wanting the pink basal hairs.
? . — Similar to male. This species varies much in the ground
color of the wings, being often dirty white and all intermediate grada-
tions to flesh color ; and many of the spots, especially on the second-
aries are frequently obsolete, as will be seen in the figure of the ? .
The latter is drawn from a Texan, and that of the 3 from a New
York specimen.
" Expanse 0/ wifjgs 1.50 to 2.00 inches; length 0/ body, 0.60 to
0.75 inch.
Habitat. — Atlantic States and Canada, extending south to Texas.
California, (.?) (Boisduval).
Larva. — The following description is from Harris's Correspondence,
p. 286. "Black above and below, with three longitudinal, flesh white
stripes on the back. Tubercles gray with radiating black hairs. On
each ring, above, four tubercles, two and two, the anterior pair small-
est ; below the lateral line three tubercles. Hairs beneath rusty. Pro-
legs rusty yellow. Fore legs black. Head black. A flesh colored
spot on the side of each ring. Upper side of the body greenish gray;
OF NORTH AMERICA. • 22T
tubercles same color, but surrounded by a large black spot, which
gives a general black color to the whole body. The white spots are
between the upper rows of lateral tubercles."
The larva from which the above description is drawn, was found in
October.
This species is very widely distributed over the United States, rang-
ing from Canada to Texas. Boisduval enumerates it in his list of
Californian Lepidoplera, but it is very doubtful whether its range entends
as far westward as the Rocky Mountains, if so far. I do not find any
record of its occurrence in Colorado Territory, and it is yet an un-
known species to California entomologists. Several other eastern spe-
cies are stated by Boisduval to occur in California, which have not oc-
curred here since the date of his earlier writings on the Lepidoptera of
this coast, although they are among those of most frequent occurrence
in the Atlantic States, and I am led to the conclusion that some errors
of locality must have crept into his descriptions.
M. J. Akhurst of Brooklyn, N. Y., informs me that he usually finds
the imago in open pastures, somewhat bare of vegetation.
16.-ARCTIA SUPERBA. N. S. (Pi. 9, fig. 12).
5 . — Front black, vertex pale cream color, with a black spot on the
occiput. Palpi black. Antennae brown. Thorax hairy, black ;
patagia pinkish cream color, with a broad black dash in each. Abdo-
men cream color, darkest above, with a broad black dorsal stripe, and
mixed black and pale hairs at base ; a double ventral row of black
spots, and faint traces of a lateral row of black dots. Breast hairy,
black ; yellow between anterior coxse. Legs cream color, marked with
black.
Anterior wings rich brown-black, with cream colored markings and
fringes. A narrow longitudinal streak, furcate at outer margin ; an
oblique sub-basal band, not seen below the longitudinal streak ; a
broader median transverse band, wide to the longitudinal streak, nar-
rower below and curving toward base. A spot on the costa between
these bands. A second, outer, sinuate, narrower band, very approxi-
mate to the median band on the longitudinal streak, but not united to
it, and appearing only very faintly below the longitudinal streak. The
usual arctian terminal band is very narrow, its outer angles not touch-
228 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
ing the outer margin. Costa very narrowly cream color nearly to the
apex ; inner margin the same nearly to anal angle.
Secondaries pale clear red, fading to yellow on the costa, fringes
pale. A broad, black, outer marginal band, with sinuate inner mar-
gin, terminating abruptly before reaching the anal angle, and produced
slightly along the costa at the apex. A small black, reniform discal
spot, a fainter costal spot at basal third, and a black streak on sub-
median vein, extending from the base nearly to the marginal band.
Beneath as above, but paler, especially the secondaries, which are
reddest along the inner margin.
Expanse of wings, 1.25 inches ; length of body, 0.55 inch.
Habitat. — Vancouver Island, (coll. H. Edwards).
Described from one ^ . This beautiful species is most nearly re-
lated to A. Blakei, Grote ; in the markings of the primaries there is
great similarity, but it is clearly separated by the color and markings
of the hind wings.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 229
Genus PLATYCERTTRA. Packard.
" Head large and prominent, twice as large as in Cerura ; front scu-
tellate, broad between the antennae, while the sides are more parallel
than in Cerura. Scales short and fine. Palpi short, a little depressed,
not reaching the front, compressed and slender ; the 3rd joint short,
obtuse. Antennas longer than in Cerura, very narrowly pectinated ;
joints longest in the middle, but slowly decreasing in length towards
the tip, which is almost simple. Thorax stouter than usual, no "col-
lar " or transverse lines.
"Primaries short broad triangular, half as broad as long. Costa
straight, curved down more than usual at the obtuse apex ; outer edge
short and not so full as usual ; inner angle much more rectangular
than usual, while the inner edge of the wing is very nearly straight,
though not much longer than the outer edge.
"The I St subcostal is placed much within the middle of the wing.
There is an intercostal space. 2nd subcostal arises just within the ori-
gin of the 3rd subcostal. The apical interspace is of the size of that
in Cerura, while it is, owing to the curved nervules enclosing it, semi-
ovate and not triangular as in Cerura. The 4th and 5th subcostals
are short and straight : The ist median nervule instead of being an
independent as in Cerura, is curved downwards at the base, and united
with its main nervure, and the 4th median is straight.
" Secondaries short and rounded, apex very obtuse. They reach to
the outer fourth of the abdomen. Thus it is much shorter and broader
than in Cerura. The apical interspace is long, much as usual.
"The abdomen tapers rapidly, contracting rapidly before the tip
which is well tufted. Legs much as in Cerura.
"The broad triangular fore wings, orbicular secondaries and large
broad closely cropped front, the short acute abdomen, and long pecti-
nated antennae, distinguish this genus from Harpyia of Europe, which
it somewhat approaches.''
Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III. p. 373. (1864.
230 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^
PLATYCERURA FTJRCILLA. (PI. 9, fig. 15, ? ).
Platycerura furcilla, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. .374.
(1864.)
" <3 . — Ashen white, dusted with fine dark scales. The primaries
are crossed by a twice angulated basal black line, within which at the
insertion of the wing is a short basal spot. A second straight line
crosses the wing just before its middle, and from its branches at nearly-
right angles a line which becomes straight above the 2nd median nerv-
ule and parallel to the inner line, thus enclosing a large square area
which is concolorous with the rest of the wing. There is a submar.
ginal obscure line shaded with white externally, which is irregularly
zigzag, and runs down more than usual in the 2nd median interspace
towards the margin of the wing.
" Secondaries whitish, especially on the outer border, with a broad
obscure dusky submarginal line. The abdominal segments are annu-
lated above with white, paler beneath. The fore wings are beneath
dusky, the transverse dark lines appear through, the submarginal line
being especially conspicuous, beyond which the margin is much paler.
The secondaries are crossed by two obsolete bands, near the middle of
which the inner one is more distinct upon the costa, corresponding to
an inner costal spot.
Expanse of wings, 1.50 inches ; length of body, 0.65 inch.
Habitat. — Massachusetts, (coll. Harris, Mr. Sanborn).
Packard, (loc. cit.) '
The figure is copied from a beautiful drawing by Hochstein kindly
loaned me by A. Grote, Esq.
I have also two Californian specimens which appear to differ only
in the want of union of the two principal bands below the median
vein.
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
t
i
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
ALYPIA OCTOMACULATA, (Page 6.)
On plate lo, fig. ii is reproduced from a drawing by C. V. Riley,
Esq., the larva of this species for comparison. I here give a few notes
on the larvae of this species and its allies, kindly sent me by Mr. Riley,
to more clearly point out their differences.
" Alypia ociomaculata. Your description is correct. Each joint may
be said to be 8-banded, or to have eight black bands ; and not six as
Harris's words would indicate. The species is not abundant round
St. Louis.
^^ Eudryas grata. I have nothing to add to what you have said,
except to lay stress on the fact that it is distinguished from Alypia by
having only six black bands to each joint, and no white lateral stripe.
It is two-brooded. There are short hairs from the black spots, though
it would not be amiss to describe it as " naked." A Tachtna fly (near
to, if not identical with Exorista leucanicz) is parasitic upon it. The
moth simulates a piece of bird dung when at rest.
' ' Eudryas unio. Larva marked as Fitch says ; at least I so infer
from the fact that J. A. Lintner, of Albany, N, Y., wrote me that he
had found larvse of Grata abundantly on Epilobium coloratum, which
larvae turned out to be Unio. The finding of the larvae or pupae in
stems of Swamp Rose-mallow {Hibiscus militaris'), does not imply that
the former inhabited the stems ; for both the Gratas and Psychomorpha
appear to have an inveterate habit of boring into substances to pupate,
a habit not noticed in Alypia.
* * Psychomorpha epimenis. Differs from Alypia and Eudryas in hav-
ing but four transverse black bands to each joint.
' ' In Eudryas the ground color is really blueish ; in Alypia and
Psychomorpha it is white, the blueish appearance is an ocular delusion."
234 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE
ALYPIA LUNATA. (Page 15.)
Having recently had an opportunity of examining the type of Grote's
A. Mariposa in the collection of the Central Park, New York, it form-
ing a part of the collection of the late Coleman Robinson, Esq. , I am
of the opinion that A. lunata must be placed as a variety of A. Mari-
posa. In this opinion I am confirmed by the circumstance that my
typical specimen was obtained from Mr. Lorquin ; and as it has been
evidently captured many years since, it is more than probable that it
was taken at the same time and in the same locality as the specimens
which Mr. Lorquin's father forwarded to Dr. Boisduval, who furnished
Mr. Grote with the specimen from which his figure was drawn, and to
which reference is made above. The most striking difference is in the
spot on the apical half of the primaries. The synonymy of this species
will thus be :
Alypia mariposa, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vol. i, pi. 6, fig.
40. (i868.)
Agarista mariposa, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. Soc. Belgique,
Var. Alypia liinata, Stretch, Z. and B. N. Am. vol. i, p. 15, pi. i,
fig. 6. (1872.)
PSYCHOMORPHA EPIMENIS. (Page 17.)
The following description of the larva, and notes on its habits, are
extracted from the ist, 2nd, and 3d Reports of the State Entomolo-
gist of Missouri (C. V. Riley). The larva is figured in ist Report,
pi. I, fig. 19, and also in 3d Report, p. 63, fig. 25, a, b, and c. The
former figure is erroneously referred to in the text as the larva, o^ Alypia
odomaculata, which error is corrected in the second Report, p. 84. In
this place, the larva is conjectured to be and figured as that of Eudryas
unio, but this supposition proved likewise to be incorrect. The ques-
tion was finally determined by raising the imago from these larvae. The
near relationship of Eudryas, Psychomorpha, and Alypia is proved by
nothing more conclusively than by the wonderful similarity of their
OF NORTH AMERICA. 235
larvae. To show the relationship of these genera to Agarista, from
AustraUa, the larva of A. Casuerincc is figured in pi. lo, fig. ri.
'^ Larvd. General appearance bluish. The ground color is, how-
ever, pure white, and the apparent bluish cast is entirely owing to the
ocular delusion produced by the white with the transverse black stripes,
as in Alypia octomaculata. Transversely banded with four black stripes
to each joint, the third and fourth being usually rather wider apart
than the other two, and diverging at the lower sides, where they make
room for two more or less conspicuous dark spots, placed one below
the other ; the third, on some of the middle joints, is frequently
broken with an anterior curva, just above stigmata, and on joints 2
and 3 it is twice as thick as the rest. Cervical shield; hump on joint
II; anal plate; legs and venter dull pale orange; joint i with about 14
large shiny piliferous black spots, 8 of which form two rows on the
cervical shield (those on the anterior row being largest and farthest
apart), and six of which are lateral, namely, three on each side, with
more or less distinct dusky marks between and in front of them. The
spots on the hump are usually placed as at fig. 26 c, (pi. 10, fig. 12 a),
but vary very much, though the four principal ones on the top are
generally placed in a square. The anal plate is marked with eight
such spots, very much as in the cervical shield, but smaller. The tips
of the thoracic legs are black, and the other legs and venter are also
spotted. Head, gamboge-yellow, inclining to orange, with 8 principal
and other minor black piliferous spots. The ordinary piliferous spots
are small, and except two dorsal ones, which are in the white space
between the second and third bana, they are not easily detected. The
stigmata are also quite small and round. The abdominal prolegs de-
crease in size from the last to the first pair, and the larva curves the
thoracic joints, and is a half looper, especially when young. Aver-
age length, about one inch. Described from numerous specimens."
''Chrysalis. Average length, 0.37 inch; reddish brown ; rugose,
especially on dorsum of abdominal joints, but distinguished princi-
pally by the truncated apex, which has a large horizontally compressed
ear-like horny projection, at each upper and outer edge."
Riley, 3d Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 65.
The larva, as noticed by Riley, is abundant round St. Louis, feed-
ing on the grapevines. " The worm works, for the most part, in the
terminal buds of the vine, drawing the leaves together by a weak silken
thread, and cankering them. It forms a simple earthen cocoon, or
236 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^
frequently bores into a piece of old wood, and changes to chrysalis.''
" Its habit of boring into same substances, to prepare for the change
to pupa, is inveterate, and it always neatly covers up the orifice, so
that it is difficult to detect. " The larva assumes the pupa state in May^
emerging in March of the following year.
CTENUCHA BEUNNEA. (Page 30.)
After name insert " (PI. i, fig. ii, 3 )"
GNOPHCELA HOPFFERI. (Page 38.)
Lord Walshingham raised this species from larva found in southern
Oregon, feeding on MyosoHs, and informs me that it is black and yel-
low, much resembling that of Callimorpha donmiula.
UTETHEISA BELLA- (Page 55).
Professor Townsend Glover has the following notes on the larva of
this species, in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for
1870, p. 80, fig. 41.
"The larva is abundant in July and August, in the pods of the
rattle weed {Croielaria). It eats into the pod when young, making a
small circular hole, and then feeds on the seeds. It is yellow, with
black and white rings, thus resembling the imago in color, and the
chrysalis is black and yellow. The moth is disclosed soon after as-
suming the pupa state. The larva is also said to feed on the lupin."
CALLIMORPHA LECONTEI. (See Page 62.)
On account of the wide range of variation in this species, I give
here below detailed descriptions and figures of two of the varieties,
which are only casually alluded to in the former article. For the loan
of the specimens from which these figures are drawn, I am indebted
to the kindness of my friend Wm. Saunders, of London, Canada.
The opinion is strongly held by some entomologists that some of these
varieties should be classed as specifically distinct. In relation to this
point, Mr. Saunders writes me as follows : " The two forms of Calli-
morpha, Lecon/et and Contigua, appear to be quite fixed with us. I
have never found them run into each other, and I think I should had
OF NORTH AMERICA. 23t
they been identical, as I have captured and seen a considerable num-
ber of specimens within the past ten years. My four bred specimens
were almost identical (referring to Lecontei) in coloration with that I
send you.'" While this is, to a certain extent, presumptive evidence, it
does not absolutely settle the question, for in the case of Epicallia
virginalis (see pi. 3) there are two forms (fig. 2 and 4) which appear to
be constant, and yet are produced from the same brood of larvoe. As
then we can derive these various forms of Callimorpha Lecontei from
each other, by the expansion or contraction of the brown markings, I
retain these different forms as varieties, until the accumulation of inore
material, being somewhat confirmed in this course by having seen,
while in the Eastern States recently, a specimen in every way answer-
ing to the C fulvkosta, Packard, except that the costa was brown, as
in C. contigiia, Walker.
Var. C. Lecontei, Boisduval (PL 9, fig. i4).
Brown and white. Head and prothorax bright yellow-ochre, im-
maculate. Palpi yellow, with black tips. Antenna black. Thorax
and patagia white, the former with a brown median stripe. Abdomen
whitish, with brown dorsal stripe. Breast yellowish. Legs yellow and
dusky.
Anterior wings clear dark brown, with white markings, as follows :
A broad basal longitudinal streak, narrowing rapidly as it approaches
the anal angle, where the tip is nearly separated into a distinct spot.
Three sub-costal spots between this streak and the apex, the middle
one of which is the largest, and is slightly connected with the apical
one. A large anal spot, supplemented towards the apex of the wing
with two small intervenular spots.
Posterior wings immaculate milky white.
Beneath, the brown markings are reproduced, but all are suff'used
with ochre, especially along the outer margin and costa, while the
brown on the inner margin is exceedingly faint.
Expatise o/'%ings, i .80 inches ; length of body, o. 70 inch.
Llabitat. — Canada (W. Saunders), New York (Akhurst).
Described from a specimen raised from the larva by Wm. Saunders,
Esq. This larva is described on page 64, ante.
Var. C. Contigua, Walker. Head and body like C. Lecontei, just
described. Legs white, except coxse of the anterior pair, which are
yellow.
238 ZYGjENID^ and BOMBVCIDiE
All wings white, posterior wings immaculate. Primaries marked as
follows, with dark blackish brown, more intense than in C. Lecontei or
C Miliiaris. A costal stripe, not quite reaching the apex, and leaving
the costa very narrowly white. A similar stripe on the internal margin,
not quite reaching the anal angle. An oblique transverse band, con-
necting this stripe at the anal angle with the costal stripe across the
discal vein ; and from the centre of this band a branch runs towards
the apex, but does not quite reach it. Fringe on the outer margin,
somewhat dusky, and two small marginal brown dots about the
middle of the outer margin.
Beneath white ; the costa yellowish. The transverse band reappears,
but more diffuse and broken. The other markings are nearly obsolete.
Expanse of wings, 1. 80 inches ; length of body, 0.70 inch.
Habitat. — Canada (W. Saunders).
Described from a specimen kindly loaned by W. Saunders, Esq.
EPICALLIA VIRGINALIS. (Page 70.)
Since the publication of Part 3, in which this species was figured, I
have received two specimens from Arizona, almost identical, and in-
termediate, so far as the coloration of the secondaries is concerned,
between vzx. guttata (fig. 3) and the type (fig. 4). The spots on the
primaries are somewhat larger, giving the insect a paler look. My
friend, H. Edwards also informs me that the species, both the typical
form and var. guttata, are common at Portland, Oregon, flying
together in the streets of the town.
ARCTIA BEHRII. (Page 75.)
Having recently seen one of the types of Arctia Nevadensis, Grote,
in the collection of J. Akhurst, of Brooklyn, New York, and ascer-
tained its identity with this species, the synonomy must stand thus :
Arctia Nevadensis, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 6, p. i, pi. i, fig. i .
Arctia Behrii, Stretch, Z. and B. N. Am. p. 75. (1872.)
The figure given by Grote does not represent a typical form, and
the specimens having been collected in alcohol (!) the color had been
somewhat discharged, so that the description varies somewhat from
the coloration of fresh specimens. It was from these causes that I
failed to identify the insect, though I compared them and noted the
peculiar identity in the color of the thorax, which is black and con-
colorous.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 239
ETJPREPIA AMERICANA. (Page 95.)
This name must give place to Euprepia caja, tlie burden of proof
being conclusive as to the identity of the European and American
insects. The white collar, which appears to occur in all American
specimens, and which was mainly relied upon by Harris and subse-
quent writers, as the most available point of distinction, occurs, more
or less strongly marked, in many European specimens, as has been
proved to me by Dr. Standinger, of Dresden, and Mr. Strecker, of
Reading. To the former entomologist I am indebted for a very beau-
tiful suite of the variations of this insect. It has often been urged that
American insects, merely on account of their wide geographical sepa-
ration from Europe, must be different from their near representatives
in that country. Of the fallacy of this view I am more and more
strongly convinced, especially as regards those forms which are found
in the more northern regions of both continents. Of this, E. caja
may be taken as one instance, and Arciia Quenselii as another, while
it is impossible to draw a definite line between Phragmatobia rubricosa,
Harris, and the European form of P. fuliginosa, which occurs in
Lapland, and is known as var. borcalis. We know that many noctuse
occur in both countries, as Scoliopteryx libairix, and why not also
species of Bombycina. The Zygsenina are less likely to occur in both
countries, because they do not range into arctic regions. This view is
strongly supported by the marked similarity between the entomological
fauna of the northern Pacific Coast of America and that of Europe,
which we might naturally expect to occur on account of the intimate
connection of the two continents in the Arctic Zone. This is much
more decided than on the Atlantic border ; and it is reasonable to
suppose that these forms, which are alike in both continents, have
been disseminated through this medium. Unfortunately, we know
but little comparatively of British Columbia, Washington Territory,
and Oregon, and it will be of much interest to watch the progress of
discoveries in those countries, as bearing on this question. I hope at
some day to enter into this question more fully than is permissible in
these pages.
LEUCARCTIA ACR.a:A. (Page 99.)
Through an oversight, all the plates in Part 4 have the lower wings
of the female of this species (pi. 4, fig. 2) colored as in the male ; they
should be white.
240 ZYG^NIDvE AND BOMBYCID^
STHENOPIS BEHRENSII. (Page 105.)
Through an oversight, the name of this species is erroneously
spelled " Behrnsii." It is named after my friend Mr. James Behrens,
who has greatly facilitated my studies by the gift of many unique
specimens.
DREPANA SICTJLIFER. (Page 110.)
Insert before the description the following reference to the original
description, Avhich was unintentionally omitted.
Drepana Siculi/er, Packard, Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1872).
GASTROPACHA MILDEI. (Page 113.)
The name G. roseata, on the explanation of Plate 4, should be
changed to correspond with the letter press on page 113. The name
mt'/dei was substituted for roseaia at the request of Mr. Behrens, who
gave me the unique specimen from which the description is drawn.
NOTODONTA CALIFORNICA. (Page 116.)
On plate 10, fig. 9 is a reproduction of a sketch of the larva of this
species made by Dr. Behr, of San Francisco.
LEPTARCTIA LENA. (Page 120.)
Walker's Nemeophtla CalifornicE, is evidently the same insect as the
above, a fact which was not discovered, although suspected, until it
was too late to correct the syonymy, which must thus stand as follows :
LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIA;.
Nemeophila Cali/ornice, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. p. 625 (1855).
Lithosia Lena, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p. 73 (1868-9).
Lithosia Adnata, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p. 73 (1868-9).
Leptardia Lena, Stretch, Z. and B. N. Am. vol. i, p. 120, pi. 5,
figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, II, 12, 13, 14, 16 (1872).
(ETA ATJREA, (Page 159.)
In relation to this species, my friend C. V. Riley writes me as fol-
foUows : " I greatly suspect it will have to be referred back still further
OF NORTH AMERICA. 241
(alluding to the name aurea), for specimens which I sent to Zeller,
some years ago, elicited from him the facts that if compla varies so that
the first two (basal) orange bands are at times separated each into two
(and they are sometimes so separated), then it agrees with Cramer's
{Hvponomenta) puncklla, pi. 372 ; whereas, Pustidella Fabricius (Ent.
Syst , 292) is so described that it covers both.'
Mr. Grote, however, writing on the same subject, doubts the iden-
tity of these descriptions with our American insect, for reasons stated,
and under these circumstances I merely call attention lo the fact with-
out changing the synonomy.
Professor Riley, as quoted above, gives some interesting details in
relation to the habits of this species. The following quotations are
from that article. After stating that the larva feeds on the ailanthus.
and had done great damage to the trees in St. Louis, he continues :
" During the months of August and September, it may be found of
all sizes, living in communities of from five to thirty individuals,
within a slight silken web. Did they but feed on the leaves, their
injury to the trees would be slight, but they have the miserable habit
of gnawing the leafstalk in two, and of severing the leaf, and causing
it to turn black ; thus marring the looks of large trees and killing
many seedlings outright. When the worm is full grown, it suspends
itself in the middle of a loose web, and changes to a chrysalis, about
half an inch long, and of a dull smoky brown color. The chrysalis
skin is so very fine, that as the future moth develops within, the colors
of its wings show distinctly through it. * * The first moths begin
to appear during the first days of September, and continue issuing
from the chry.salis till the last of October. From the fact that I could
get none of them to deposit eggs, I infer that they pass the winter in
the moth state — the more readily since I have had them escape from
the chrysalis even in November. They are very fond of flitting over
and clinging to the flowers of the golden rod and of Eupatoriuvi
serotinum''
Mr. Riley writes that he has since proved the hybernation of the
imago, as suspected.
'^ Larva . — Average length, when full grown, 0.95. Slender, the
diameter being 0.09. General color, very dark olive brown. An ex-
tremely fine pearly-white dorsal and subdorsal line, and a somewhat
more distinct stjgmatal line, of the same color ; all three of them
formed by minute white specks and lines. Dorsum, dull olive green.
242 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCIDjE
A longitudinal line somewhat darker, and in many cases quite black,
below the subdorsal line. Between this last and stigmatal line is a
stripe of the same color as dorsum, but speckled with white. Imme-
diately below stigmatal line, it is rusty-yellow, especially on the middle
segments. Venter sometimes olive green, sometimes lead color, finely
speckled with white, and with a translucent line visible along the
middle. The larva is mainly characterized, however, by a number of
minute white piliferous spots, in strong contrast with the dark body,
each giving forth a stiff white hair at right angles from said body. The
spots are thus arranged on each side of every segment : two about
the middle, on subdorsal Ime ; one under the anterior of these, just
below the longitudinal dark line ; two on the stigmatal line, with the
stigmata, which is of the same color, between them ; one in the orange
part, posteriorly ; two small ones just below the orange part ; and two
in the middle of venter, on the legless segments. Head of a beauti-
ful brown, perpendicular, marked with black and speckled with white,
two large spots being especially noticeable on the upper front. Cer-
vical shield, velvety black irregularly speckled with white. Thoracic
legs black ; abdominal, extremely small and of the same color as
venter ; anals, somewhat larger and brown.
"Described from numerous specimens. The white spots are usu-
ally larger near the head, while the hairs springing from them lean
towards the head. The head itself is sometimes entirely black, while
the W'hite longitudinal lines are occasionally almost obsolete."
Riley (loc. cit.)
From the foregoing it will be seen that the insect under considera-
tion has many affinities with the Tineina, and it is quite likely that
Rilev is rio:lU in so locating it.
CYDOSIA NOBILITELLA. (Page 1(52 )
Mr. Grote informs me that I am correct in doubting the identity of
the Te.xan specimens (pi. 7, fig. 8) with Cydosia nobiliklla. The name
must therefore be changed to Cydosia imitella, N. S., as suggested on
page 163.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE L
I
— Alypia dipsaci, Grote
2
. — " Sacramenti, Grote
3
— " Ridingsii, Grote -
4
— " Lorquinii, Grote
5
— " Similis, N. S.
6
— " lunata, N. S. -
7-
— " octomaculata, Fabr.
8.
— " Brannani, N. S.
9-
— Scepsis fulvicollis, Walker
lO.
— Ctenucha venosa, Walker
1 1.
— " brunnea, N. S. -
12.
— ' ' multifaria, Walker -
13-
— " ochroscapus, Grote
14.
— " Cressonana, Grote -
15-
— ' ' virginica, Charpentier
i6.
— Psychomorpha Epimenis, Drury
California.
Pacific States.
California.
Atlantic Slates.
California.
United States.
Texas.
California.
C'olorado.
Atlantic States.
Zy S, n e 3 o nib . N . A i a
fl.H.ifSiTCW ,'';*'> /.
EXPLANAllUN OF PLA IE 2.
7
8
y
lO
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
'7
18,
19
20
21
— Gnophiela veimiciilata, Giotc - - Colorado.
— '• Hopffeii, Grote - - - California.
— Lvcomorpha pholus, Harris - - Allamic Stales.
— Anatolmis Cjrolei, Packard - - - Colorado.
— Kodio.soma tricolor, Stretch, N. S. - Nevada.
— " Eavesii, Stretch, N. S.
— " fulva, Stretch, N. S. - - California.
— " nigra, Stretch, N. S. - - "
— Euphanessa mendica, Packard - - Atlantic States.
— Cisthene faustinula, Stretch - - - Calilbrnia.
— " nexa, Stretch _ - - "
— Hypo[)repia fucosa, Hiibner - - - Atlantic Slates.
— Clemensia albata, Packard - "
— Pyromorpha dimidiata, H. S. - - "
— Uletheisa bella, Linn - - - •'
— " speciosa, Walker - - - "
— " ? - - - - W. Indies.
— " ornatrix, Linn . _ _ Texas.
— Callimorpha interrupto-marginala. De Beauv Atlantic Stales.
— " Lecontei, Boisduval - - "
— " '•. Boisduval - - "
■y^oe.Bcmb.l-lAm.
Plate N"£
fi.H-STPETCh/^"
irn.sx.rid'iif-iis.r
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.
I.— Seiarctia Clio., Packard - - - Calilornia.
2. — Epicallia virginalis, Boisd., var. ochracea
o " " " " guttata - "
4.^ " " " type -
5. — Halesidota P'dwardsii, Packard
6. — Arachnis picta, Packard -
7. — -Arctia autholea, Boisd., ? -
8.- .. - " 6 - -
9. — " Edwardsii, Stretcli
10. — " daliurica, Boisd.
II. — " Behrii, Stretch, $ - - -
13. — '• Bolanderi, Stretcli
14 — Phrvganidia Calilbrnica, Packard, $
15- ■•' •' •• i-
ly^^cj? BoTauK.Ai l '
Plate N°:^.
U'H.P,RnlQHl,Ha ■
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4.
— Leucarctia acra^a, Packard, 5 var.
$
$ .
-Euprepia Americana, Harris
-Notodonta Californica, N. S. ■
-Sthenopis Behrensii, N. S.
Montana, N. S.
-Halesidota Agassizii, Packard
-Hemileuca Nevadensis, N. S.
-Drepana Siculifer, Packard,
-Gastropacha roseata, N. S.
United States.
California.
Zy^.oe.BoKi'b "W.Aia
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EXPLANATION OF PLAIE 5.
I.— T
.eptarcia
k-cia, Boisduval
?.
2.
"
? underside.
3 —
'■
lena,
?.
4.—
"
"
? underside.
5- —
"
"
$.
6.—
"
"
$ underside.
7-
9- —
dimidiata N. S.
s.
8.
lO. —
"
( ( (1
S underside.
1 1. —
"
lena, Boistluval
?.
12.
'•
•'
? underside.
I3- —
ii ti
5.
u.—
"
-'
$ underside.
I5- —
'■
decia, Boisduval
? var. -
i6.—
lena,
s.
I7- —
\rclia
Ac
haia, (irote ? var.
i8.—
•• ?.
-
19 —
"
(? 1}
pe.
20.' —
"
" 6.
-
21.
" ? var. ochracea.
California.
ZA,rpce.Bomb. •'', ^'.it/
Dlg_fc.TvT'5
?:XPLANATION OF PLATE 6.
I.
— Arctia virg
o, Linn. 6 .
2.
— '
•
" $. -
-
3-
— Ku
eucopl
aeiis tricolor, Packard
<?
4
—
"
"
?
5
— Spi
losoina
latipennis N. S. $ .
6
—
"
virginica, Fabr. ? .
-
7
8
—
..
vestal is, Packard $ .
?
9
—Ha
lesidota tessellaris, Smith $ .
lO
—
"
sobrina, N. S. 6 .
-
1 1
—
•'
caryae, Harris ? .
12
. —
"
argentata, Packard
?
Atlantic States.
New Mexico.
California.
Adantic States.
California.
Atlandc States.
California.
Atlantic States.
California
Zy£g,'09.Bomh
^^
^A
i^
EXPLANA'lION OF PLATE 1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lO,
1 1
12
13
14
15
t6
17
18
19
20,
21
— Eudivas grata, _ . -
— " unio, - - -
— " brevipennis. N. S.
— " " underside,
— -Cosmusoma omphale, Hubner, -
— Harrisina Americana, Packard,
— Acoloilhus Americana, Clemens,
— Cydosia nobilitella, Westwood,
— " anrivitta, (i. & R.
— CEia. aurera, Stretch,
■ — Cisthene unifascia, G. & R.
— " subjecta, Walker,
— Lilhosia argillacea, Packard,
— " cephalica, G. & R.
— " casta, Sanborn,
— Crambidia pallida, Packartl,
— Eustixis subfervcns, G. & R.
— — Clemensia umbrata, Packard,
^Callimorpha clymene, Packard,
— Ecpantheria scribonia, Hubner $
Eastern States.
California.
Florida.
P>astern Slates.
East and South States.
Texas.
Southern States.
Texas.
Atlantic States.
Northern States.
Texas.
Atlantic States.
Texa.s-
California-
Florida.
P^astern States.
5oe.Bomb.N.Am
Plate N°7.
R.H.STRErCH.pinKt.
UIH BKirrotli neY.S.F.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL
I. — Harrisina texana, N. S , - - - Texas.
2. — Alypia Maccullochii, Kirb}', 5 , - Oregon
3. — " Langtonii, Couper, 5 , - - (Canada.
4. — Eucha.Hes egle. Harris, ? , - Atlantic States.
5. — " collaris, Fitch. 5 , - - United States.
6. — " elegans, N. S. , 5, - California.
7. — " oregoniensis, N. S., - - Oregon.
8. — Antarctia vagans, Boisduval, ^. - CalifcMmia.
9.— " " " 5, - -
10.— " " " 5, -
!,,__.< .< .. 5 .
12.— " " " ?,
13 — Lithacodes reclilinca, G. it R., - - East. & South. States
14 — '■ fasciola, Packard, - "
15. — -Limacodes scaplia, Harris, <? , - - Eastern States.
16.— " biguilata, Packard, 6 , -
17- — Parasa chloris, (\. k R., - - Atlantic States.
18 — -Hyfjliamria cunca, 6. Fitch, - P^astern States.
ly.— •■ •' 5, " - -
20.— " ■' .^ , "
21.— ■' texior, 5 , Harris, - - "
22. — Leucarctia albida, 3 , N. S. - California.
ly^a-
Piate N' t
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g^
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
I
— Cten
ucha Walsinghamii, Edwards,
- Oregon.
2
— Pseudalypia Crotchii, Edwards,
California.
3
— Arctia intermedia, N. S.
- Texas.
4
— "
Arizoniensis, N. S.
A rizona.
5
— •'
Virguncula, Kirby,
- Atlantic States.
6
— "
Anna, Grote,
Pennsylvania.
7
— "
Yarrowii, N. S. -
- Arizona.
8
— "
Quenselii, Pay-Kull,
Labrador.
9
— "
Blakei, Orote,
- Colorado.
lO
— "
Arge, $ , Drury,
Eastern States.
1 1
— "
" c5. " - -
<i
12
<(
Superba, N, S. - -
Vancouver Islai
13
~C. L
econtei, var. Contigua, Walker, -
- Atlantic States.
14
—
Boisduval's type,
II
15
—Plat)
cenira Curcilla, Packard,
"
Zyg(B.5cii'ili>[.j\m.
Plate K''^
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
I. — Epicallia Virginalis, Boisd. larva.
2. — Halesidota Edwardsii, Packard, larva.
3. — Arachnis Picta, Parkard, larva.
4. — Phryganidia Californica, Packard, larva.
5.— " " " pupa-
6. — Leucarctia Acrsea, Packard, larva.
7. — Halesidota Agassizii, Packard, larva.
8. — Harrisina Americana, larva.
9. — Notodonta Californica, larva.
10. — Alypia Octomaculata, larva.
II. — -Agarista Casuerinas, larva.
12. — Psychomorpha Epimenis, larva.
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